U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C4H4O4
Molecular Weight 116.0722
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 1
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of Fumaric acid

SMILES

OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O

InChI

InChIKey=VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C4H4O4
Molecular Weight 116.0722
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 1
Optical Activity NONE

Dimethyl maleate is an organic compound, the (Z)-isomer of the dimethyl ester of fumaric acid. Dimethyl maleate can be synthesized from maleic anhydride and methanol, with sulfuric acid acting as acid catalyst, via a nucleophilic acyl substitution for the monomethyl ester, followed by a Fischer esterification reaction for the dimethyl ester. Dimethyl maleate is used in many organic syntheses as a dienophile for diene synthesis. It is used as an additive and intermediate for plastics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products. It is also an intermediate for the production of paints, adhesives, and copolymers.

CNS Activity

Curator's Comment: Dimethyl fumarate is probably too hydrophilic to cross the blood-CNS barrier. DMF stabilized the BBB by preventing disruption of interendothelial tight junctions and gap formation, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase activity in brain tissue.

Originator

Curator's Comment: In September 2003, Biogen (now Biogen Idec) licensed exclusive worldwide rights (excluding Germany) from Fumapharm to develop and market BG 12.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
Target ID: Q96KS0
Gene ID: 112398.0
Gene Symbol: EGLN2
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
120.0 µM [IC50]
Target ID: Q9H6Z9
Gene ID: 112399.0
Gene Symbol: EGLN3
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
60.0 µM [IC50]
Target ID: Q9GZT9
Gene ID: 54583.0
Gene Symbol: EGLN1
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
80.0 µM [IC50]
Target ID: Glutathione S-transferase
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Diagnostic
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Secondary
TECFIDERA

Approved Use

Indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis

Launch Date

2013
Palliative
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Primary
TECFIDERA

Approved Use

TECFIDERA, dimethyl fumarate undergoes rapid presystemic hydrolysis by esterases and is converted to its active metabolite, monomethyl fumarate (MMF). TECFIDERA is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.

Launch Date

2013
Preventing
Unknown

Approved Use

Unknown
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1.87 mg/L
240 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
dose: 240 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: MULTIPLE
co-administered:
MONOMETHYL FUMARATE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: FED
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
8.21 mg × h/L
240 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
dose: 240 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: MULTIPLE
co-administered:
MONOMETHYL FUMARATE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: FED
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
1 h
240 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
dose: 240 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: MULTIPLE
co-administered:
MONOMETHYL FUMARATE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: FED
Funbound

Funbound

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
64%
240 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
dose: 240 mg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: MULTIPLE
co-administered:
MONOMETHYL FUMARATE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: UNHEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: FED
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
190 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
Highest studied dose
Dose: 190 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 190 mg, 2 times / day
Sources: Page: 6.1
unhealthy, adult
n = 769
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: multiple sclerosis
Age Group: adult
Sex: unknown
Population Size: 769
Sources: Page: 6.1
190 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
Highest studied dose
Dose: 190 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 190 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, mean 37 years
n = 105
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: multiple sclerosis
Age Group: mean 37 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 105
Sources:
Other AEs: Gastrointestinal disturbance...
Other AEs:
Gastrointestinal disturbance (53%)
Sources:
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Gastrointestinal disturbance 53%
190 mg 2 times / day multiple, oral
Highest studied dose
Dose: 190 mg, 2 times / day
Route: oral
Route: multiple
Dose: 190 mg, 2 times / day
Sources:
unhealthy, mean 37 years
n = 105
Health Status: unhealthy
Condition: multiple sclerosis
Age Group: mean 37 years
Sex: M+F
Population Size: 105
Sources:
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer





Drug as perpetrator​Drug as victim

Drug as victim

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
no
Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Antifungal properties of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters and related compounds.
1977 Apr
Microperfusion study of proximal tubule bicarbonate transport in maleic acid-induced renal tubular acidosis.
1986 Mar
Efficacy of 101 antimicrobials and other agents on the development of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro.
1996 Dec
A synthetic polycation, a copolymer of 1-vinyl-3-methylimidazole iodide with maleic acid diethyl ester, increases passive ionic permeability in erythrocyte membranes modified by fatty acids.
1998
Hepatic infarction following percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
1998 Nov
In vitro shear bond strength of adhesive to normal and fluoridated enamel under various contaminated conditions.
1999 Aug
Experience with intraarterial infusion of styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin (SMANCS)-lipiodol in pancreatic cancer.
1999 Jul-Aug
Determination of trimebutine and desmethyl-trimebutine in human plasma by HPLC.
2000 Jul
Subcritical mineralization of sodium salt of dodecyl benzene sulfonate using sonication-wet oxidation (SONIWO) technique.
2001 Jun
An in vitro study on restoring bond strength of a GIC to saliva contaminated enamel under unrinse condition.
2002 Jul-Aug
The comparison of plasma deproteinization methods for the detection of low-molecular-weight metabolites by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
2002 May 15
Aqueous humour flow after a single oral dose of isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy volunteers.
2003 Aug
Identification of anti-inflammatory drugs according to their capacity to suppress type-1 and type-2 T cell profiles.
2004 Dec
Effect of inducers of DT-diaphorase on the haemolytic activity and nephrotoxicity of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone in rats.
2005 Aug 15
Enhanced cytotoxicity of bioreductive antitumor agents with dimethyl fumarate in human glioblastoma cells.
2005 Feb
Determination of ergometrine maleate by fluorescence detection.
2005 May-Jun
Probing carboxylate Gibbs transfer energies via liquid|liquid transfer at triple phase boundary electrodes: ion-transfer voltammetry versus COSMO-RS predictions.
2008 Jul 14
The psoriasis drug monomethylfumarate is a potent nicotinic acid receptor agonist.
2008 Oct 31
Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response.
2009 Feb
DMF inhibits PDGF-BB induced airway smooth muscle cell proliferation through induction of heme-oxygenase-1.
2010 Oct 20
Structure-activity comparison of the cytotoxic properties of diethyl maleate and related molecules: identification of diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate as a thiol cross-linking agent.
2011 Jan 14
Evaluation of aggregating brain cell cultures for the detection of acute organ-specific toxicity.
2013 Jun
Small molecule activators of the Nrf2-HO-1 antioxidant axis modulate heme metabolism and inflammation in BV2 microglia cells.
2013 Oct
Bioanalysis of monomethyl fumarate in human plasma by a sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method and its pharmacokinetic application.
2017 Nov 30
Dimethyl fumarate treatment alters NK cell function in multiple sclerosis.
2018 Feb
Patents

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: In group of dogs experimental Fanconi syndrome (generalized proximal tubular dysfunction) was induced with maleic acid (25 mg/kg iv, pH 7.3). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1858895
462 mg twice daily
Route of Administration: Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Maleic acid-induced inhibition of sugar and amino acid transport in the rat renal tubule was studied.
NK cells from healthy controls were treated with 10 and 100 uM of monomethyl fumarate for 12 hours then washed and co-cultured for 24 hours at 1:5 E:T ratio with or without autologous labeled T cells. Using CD107a expression to measure NK cell degranulation, is was noted an increase in the proportion of degranulated NK cells following treatment with different monomethyl fumarate concentrations. These changes occurred without dramatic effects on NK cell viability.
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 15:07:44 GMT 2023
Edited
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 15:07:44 GMT 2023
Record UNII
88XHZ13131
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
Fumaric acid
FCC   FHFI   HSDB   II   INCI   MART.   MI   USP-RS   VANDF   WHO-DD  
INCI  
Official Name English
TRANS-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
Systematic Name English
2(TRANS)-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
Systematic Name English
BOLETIC-ACID
Common Name English
INS NO.297
Code English
SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
FEMA NO. 2488
Code English
MALIC ACID IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
FUMARIC ACID [MI]
Common Name English
E-297
Code English
2-BUTENEDIOIC ACID, (E)-
Common Name English
Fumaric acid [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
FUMARIC ACID [USP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
ETHYLENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
Systematic Name English
ALLOMALEIC-ACID
Common Name English
(E)-BUTENEDIOIC ACID
Systematic Name English
FUMARIC ACID [INCI]
Common Name English
FUMARIC ACID [HSDB]
Common Name English
FUMARICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
Common Name English
FUMARIC ACID [MART.]
Common Name English
NSC-2752
Code English
TRANS-1,2-ETHYLENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
Common Name English
FUMARICUM ACIDUM
HPUS  
Common Name English
FUMARIC ACID [VANDF]
Common Name English
FUMARIC ACID [USP-RS]
Common Name English
FUMARIC ACID [FHFI]
Common Name English
FUMARIC ACID [II]
Common Name English
INS-297
Code English
FUMARIC ACID [FCC]
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
LOINC 13743-0
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
LOINC 25101-7
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
DSLD 1281 (Number of products:28)
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
NCI_THESAURUS C345
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
LOINC 2303-6
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
EPA PESTICIDE CODE 51201
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
WHO-VATC QD05AX01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
LOINC 26799-7
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS (GSFA) INS-297
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
JECFA EVALUATION FUMARIC ACID
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
WHO-ATC D05AX01
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
CFR 21 CFR 522.84
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
LOINC 75081-0
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
JECFA EVALUATION INS-297
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
Code System Code Type Description
ChEMBL
CHEMBL503160
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
623158-97-4
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
SUPERSEDED
DAILYMED
88XHZ13131
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG CENTRAL
3229
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m5586
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
DRUG BANK
DB01677
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
25389
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000078671
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
110-17-8
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
HSDB
710
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB13935MIG
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
88XHZ13131
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
70598
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
ALTERNATIVE
WIKIPEDIA
FUMARIC ACID
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
18012
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NSC
2752
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID3021518
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
203-743-0
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C63655
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
JECFA MONOGRAPH
164
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
444972
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
MESH
C032005
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CHEBI
29806
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
RS_ITEM_NUM
1286708
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 15:07:45 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
TRANSPORTER -> INHIBITOR
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
Related Record Type Details
PARENT -> METABOLITE INACTIVE
Unit: percent of total dose excreted; Combined amount with "citric acid"
IN-VIVO
PLASMA
Related Record Type Details
PARENT -> IMPURITY
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
PARENT -> IMPURITY
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
EP
PARENT -> IMPURITY
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
PARENT -> IMPURITY
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
EP
PARENT -> IMPURITY
USP
Related Record Type Details
ACTIVE MOIETY