Fosdenopterin (NulibryTM) is a synthetic cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate that is being developed by Origin Biosciences (a subsidiary of BridgeBio Pharma) for the treatment of molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) type A. Patients with MoCD Type A have mutations in the MOCS1 gene leading to deficient MOCS1A/B dependent synthesis of the intermediate substrate, cPMP. Substrate replacement therapy with NULIBRY provides an exogenous source of cPMP, which is converted to molybdopterin. Molybdopterin is then converted to molybdenum cofactor, which is needed for the activation of molybdenum-dependent enzymes, including sulfite oxidase (SOX), an enzyme that reduces levels of neurotoxic sulfites. Fosdenopterin was approved by the US FDA in February 2021 for use in reducing the risk of mortality in paediatric and adult patients with MoCD type A.

Telotristat (telotristat etiprate) is an ethyl ester prodrug which is hydrolyzed to its active moiety LP-778902 both in vivo and in vitro. Telotristat etiprate is an orally bioavailable, small-molecule, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) inhibitor. It is the first investigational drug in clinical studies to target TPH, an enzyme that triggers the excess serotonin production within metastatic neuroendocrine tumor (mNET) cells leading to carcinoid syndrome. Unlike existing treatments of carcinoid syndrome which reduce the release of serotonin outside tumor cells, telotristat etiprate reduces serotonin production within the tumor cells. By specifically inhibiting serotonin production telotristat may provide patients with more control over their disease. Telotristat etiprate has received Fast Track and Orphan Drug designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and has been granted priority review by the FDA with a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target action date of February 28, 2017.

Trans-1-amino-3-[(18)F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (also known as Fluciclovine (18F)) was approved under brand name AXUMIN as a radioactive diagnostic agent indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence. Besides, this radioactive compound is used in patients with cervical, ovarian epithelial or endometrial cancers. Fluciclovine F 18 is a synthetic amino acid transported across mammalian cell membranes by amino acid transporters, such as LAT-1 and ASCT2, which are upregulated in prostate cancer cells, but as was shown, this compound has a higher affinity for ASCT2 in comparison with other transporters.

Uridine triacetate (formally PN401) is an acetylated prodrug of uridine. Following oral administration, uridine triacetate is deacetylated by nonspecific esterases present throughout the body, yielding uridine in the circulation. Uridine triacetate under VISTOGARD trade name is a uridine replacement agent approved for the emergency treatment of fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose (regardless of the presence of symptoms) or early-onset severe or life-threatening cardiac or central nervous system (CNS) toxicity and/or early-onset unusually severe adverse reactions (eg, gastrointestinal [GI] toxicity and/or neutropenia) within 96 hours following the end of fluorouracil or capecitabine administration in adult and pediatric patients. Uridine competitively inhibits cell damage and cell death caused by fluorouracil. Fluorouracil is a cytotoxic antimetabolite that interferes with nucleic acid metabolism in normal and cancer cells. Cells anabolize fluorouracil to the cytotoxic intermediates 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine-5’- monophosphate (FdUMP) and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP). FdUMP inhibits thymidylate synthase, blocking thymidine synthesis. Thymidine is required for DNA replication and repair. Uridine is not found in DNA. The second source of fluorouracil cytotoxicity is the incorporation of its metabolite, FUTP, into RNA. This incorporation of FUTP into RNA is proportional to systemic fluorouracil exposure. Excess circulating uridine derived from VISTOGARD is converted into uridine triphosphate (UTP), which competes with FUTP for incorporation into RNA. Uridine triacetate is also approved for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria under XURIDEN trade name. Uridine triacetate provides uridine in the systemic circulation of patients with hereditary orotic aciduria who cannot synthesize adequate quantities of uridine due to a genetic defect in uridine nucleotide synthesis.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid. DMF was initially recognized as a very effective hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Later, DMF combined with three other fumaric acid esters (FAE) was licensed in Germany as oral therapy for psoriasis (trade name Fumaderm). Phase III clinical trials found that DMF (BG-12) successfully reduced relapse rate and increased time to progression of disability in multiple sclerosis (trade name Tecfidera). DMF is thought to have immunomodulatory properties without significant immunosuppression. The mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis is not well understood. It is thought to involve dimethyl fumarate degradation to its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) then MMF up-regulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway that is activated in response to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate is marketed under the brand name Tecfidera.

Benznidazole is an antiparasitic medication used in first-line treatment of Chagas disease. Benznidazole is a nitroimidazole antiparasitic with good activity against acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, commonly referred to as Chagas disease. Like other nitroimidazoles, benznidazole's main mechanism of action is to generate radical species which can damage the parasite's DNA or cellular machinery. Under anaerobic conditions, the nitro group of nitroimidazoles is believed to be reduced by the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase complex to create a reactive nitro radical species. The nitro radical can then either engage in other redox reactions directly or spontaneously give rise to a nitrite ion and imidazole radical instead. In mammals, the principal mediators of electron transport are NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH, which have a more positive reduction potential and so will not reduce nitroimidazoles to the radical form. This limits the spectrum of activity of nitroimidazoles so that host cells and DNA are not also damaged. This mechanism has been well-established for 5-nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole, but it is unclear if the same mechanism can be expanded to 2-nitroimidazoles (including benznidazole). In the presence of oxygen, by contrast, any radical nitro compounds produced will be rapidly oxidized by molecular oxygen, yielding the original nitroimidazole compound and a superoxide anion in a process known as "futile cycling". In these cases, the generation of superoxide is believed to give rise to other reactive oxygen species. The degree of toxicity or mutagenicity produced by these oxygen radicals depends on cells' ability to detoxify superoxide radicals and other reactive oxygen species. In mammals, these radicals can be converted safely to hydrogen peroxide, meaning benznidazole has very limited direct toxicity to human cells. In Trypanosoma species, however, there is a reduced capacity to detoxify these radicals, which results in damage to the parasite's cellular machinery. Benznidazole has a significant activity during the acute phase of Chagas disease, with a therapeutical success rate up to 80%. Its curative capabilities during the chronic phase are, however, limited. Some studies have found parasitologic cure (a complete elimination of T. cruzi from the body) in pediatric and young patients during the early stage of the chronic phase, but overall failure rate in chronically infected individuals is typically above 80%. However, some studies indicate treatment with benznidazole during the chronic phase, even if incapable of producing parasitologic cure, because it reduces electrocardiographic changes and a delays worsening of the clinical condition of the patient. Side effects tend to be common and occur more frequently with increased age. The most common adverse reactions associated with benznidazole are allergic dermatitis and peripheral neuropathy. It is reported that up to 30% of people will experience dermatitis when starting treatment. Benznidazole may cause photosensitization of the skin, resulting in rashes. Rashes usually appear within the first 2 weeks of treatment and resolve over time. In rare instances, skin hypersensitivity can result in exfoliative skin eruptions, edema, and fever. Peripheral neuropathy may occur later on in the treatment course and is dose-dependent. Other adverse reactions include anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, and dyslexia, and bone marrow suppression. Gastrointestinal symptoms usually occur during the initial stages of treatment and resolves over time. Bone marrow suppression has been linked to the cumulative dose exposure.

Dabigatran (Pradaxa, Prazaxa) is an anticoagulant medication that can be taken by mouth. FDA approved on October 19, 2010. Dabigatran directly inhibits thrombin in a concentration-dependent, reversible, specific, and competitive manner which results in a prolongation of aPTT (partial thromboplastin time), ECT (Ecarin clotting time), and TT (thrombin time). It may increase INR but this laboratory parameter is relatively insensitive to the activity of dabigatran. Dabigatran is indicated for the prevention of venous thromboembolic events in patients who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery (based on RE-NOVATE, RE-MODEL, and RE-MOBILIZE trials). In 2010, it was approved in the US and Canada for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (approval based on the RE-LY trial). Contraindications: severe renal impairment (CrCL < 30 ml/min); haemorrhagic manifestations, bleeding diathesis or spontaneous or pharmacologic impairment of haemostasis; lesions at risk of clinically significant bleeding (e.g. extensive cerebral infarction (haemorrhagic or ischemic) in the last 6 months, active peptic ulcer disease); concomitant treatment with P-glycoprotein inhibitors (e.g. oral ketoconazole, verapamil); and those with known hypersensitivity to dabigatran, dabigatran etexilate or any ingredient used in the formulation or component of the container. As of December 2012, dabigatran is contraindicated in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves.

Dronedarone is an antiarrhythmic that is FDA approved for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients in sinus rhythm with a history of paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Dronedarone is multichannel blocker. Common adverse reactions include abdominal pain, diarrhea, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, asthenia and raised serum creatinine. Dronedarone has potentially important pharmacodynamics interactions: Digoxin: Consider discontinuation or halve dose of digoxin before treatment and monitor; Calcium channel blockers (CCB): Initiate CCB with low dose and increase after ECG verification of tolerability; Beta-blockers: May provoke excessive bradycardia, Initiate with low dose and increase after ECG verification of tolerability.

Lacosamide is an anticonvulsant that is FDA approved for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. The precise mechanism by which lacosamide exerts its antiepileptic effects in humans remains to be fully elucidated. In vitro electrophysiological studies have shown that lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcitable neuronal membranes and inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing Common adverse reactions include diplopia, headache, dizziness, nausea. Patients with renal or hepatic impairment who are taking strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 may have a significant increase in exposure to Lacosamide tablets.

Ixabepilone is an antineoplastic agent, epothilone and mitotic inhibitor that is FDA approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer resistant to treatment with an anthracycline and a taxane, or whose cancer is taxane resistant and for whom further anthracycline therapy is contraindicated. Ixabepilone binds directly to beta-tubulin subunits on microtubules, leading to suppression of microtubule dynamics. Ixabepilone suppresses the dynamic instability of alpha-beta-II and alpha-beta-III microtubules. The most common adverse reactions (≥20%) are peripheral sensory neuropathy, fatigue/asthenia, myalgia/arthralgia, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis/mucositis, diarrhea, and musculoskeletal pain. Inhibitors of CYP3A4 may increase plasma concentrations of ixabepilone.