Aluminum is an element with an atomic number of 13. On the periodic table of elements its symbol is Al. It belongs to a group of metals including lead and tin. Aluminum has been used for a long time. During Ancient Egypt, aluminum oxides were used in their glazes and pottery. The Romans also used this metallic element. During the 1800s, advances in research made it possible to produce pure aluminum. Aluminium is used in a huge variety of products including cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aeroplane parts. This is because of its particular properties. It has low density, is non-toxic, has a high thermal conductivity, has excellent corrosion resistance and can be easily cast, machined and formed. It is also non-magnetic and non-sparking. It is the second most malleable metal and the sixth most ductile. It is often used as an alloy because aluminium itself is not particularly strong. Alloys with copper, manganese, magnesium and silicon are lightweight but strong. They are very important in the construction of aeroplanes and other forms of transport. Aluminium is a good electrical conductor and is often used in electrical transmission lines. It is cheaper than copper and weight for weight is almost twice as good a conductor. When evaporated in a vacuum, aluminium forms a highly reflective coating for both light and heat. It does not deteriorate, like a silver coating would. These aluminium coatings have many uses, including telescope mirrors, decorative paper, packages and toys. Aluminium has no known biological role. Aluminium can accumulate in the body, and a link with Alzheimer’s disease has been suggested but not proven. Aluminum-containing raw materials are used safely and extensively in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and over-the-counter (OTC) drug products. In cosmetics, they function as pigments and thickening agents. Aluminum compounds also function as active ingredients in OTC drugs such as antacids and antiperspirants. Aluminum-containing ingredients have several uses in cosmetics and personal care products. Aluminum salts are used as antiperspirants to control sweat. Antiperspirant ingredients are regulated as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A manufacturer can only use the aluminum active ingredients that have been approved as safe and effective by the FDA as listed in the OTC antiperspirant monograph. These products can only be used according to the guidelines established in this monograph. Aluminum may also be present in cosmetic colors. Aluminum powder is FDA approved and may be safely used in coloring externally applied cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, [21 CFR §73.2645 Aluminum powder.]. In addition, aluminum is a common component in other cosmetic colors where it may be used as a substrate upon which another color is precipitated. Because the resulting color is not water-soluble, this can prevent ‘bleeding’, for example with lipstick. There are other uses of aluminum-containing ingredients in cosmetics, such as use as thickening agents. Under federal law, the safety of all ingredients must be substantiated by the manufacturer of the product before it is placed on the market. Aluminum compounds (alum) are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Alum facilitates effectiveand long-lasting protective immunity in hosts, mainly by inducing antibody responses. Alum was found toinduce endogenous CD4+T cells and antibody production as well as to induce priming of CD8+T cells. These effects are shown to beindependent of the inflammasome. Novel findings of unexpected beneficial effects of decreased HBV (Hepatitis B virus) viral load and HBeAg seroconversion in chronically infected patients, as well as significant tumor suppression in experimental mice following multiple alum-only injections were examined, revealing alum's potential clinical applications beyond its use as a simple tool in antigen preparation.

Bismuth is a high-density, silvery, pink-tinged metal. Bismuth metal is brittle and so it is usually mixed with other metals to make it useful. Its alloys with tin or cadmium have low melting points and are used in fire detectors and extinguishers, electric fuses and solders. Bismuth oxide is used as a yellow pigment for cosmetics and paints, while bismuth(III) chloride oxide (BiClO) gives a pearly effect to cosmetics. Bismuth compounds have been widely used in medicine. After extensive use in the treatments of syphilis and other bacterial infections before the advent of modern antibiotics, bismuth compounds remain important for the treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders and also exhibit antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic activity, among others.

D&C Black #2 is the name, given by the FDA, for a highly pure form of carbon black prepared by combusting aromatic petroleum oil in the "oil furnace" process. It consists, essentially, of pure carbon. The Cosmetic, Toiletries and Fragrance Association (CTFA) petitioned the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval to use carbon black in cosmetic formulations. The FDA granted approval on August 29, 2004, and now D&C Black #2 is used in all cosmetic products: mascaras, eyeliners, brush-on-brow, eyeshadows, and lipsticks.

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, and found in many plants and plant parts. Sucrose is often extracted and refined from either sugarcane or beet sugar for human consumption. Upon ingestion, sucrose is hydrolyzed in the small intestine by by sucrase to glucose and fructose. Sucrose is used as inactive ingredients in numerous drugs. In medicine, sucrose is used for pain relief in infants.

Aluminium silicate is a compound made from aluminum, oxygen and silicate that can take the form of a mineral as well as combine with water to make a clay. Aluminum silicate comes in three mineral forms: andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, all of which have the chemical formula Al2SiO5 but have distinct crystal structures. When magnesium aluminum silicate is hydrated it becomes a clay known as kaolin, which is used for treating ailments such as diarrhea and to combat diaper rash as well as rashes from poison oak and poison ivy. When combined with magnesium and hydrated, the result is a clay mixture that sees common use in antacids as well as a thickener for cosmetics and other beauty products. It also appears as an inactive ingredient for deodorants. The kyanite form of aluminium silicate is used to create mullite for industrial use, and this compound is used by the ceramics industry as a refractory, as well as to manufacture electrical insulating materials and heating elements. Aluminium silicate (aluminum oxide silicate), under the brand name Adsorbin among others, is used as antidiarrheal agent and intestinal adsorbent. Kaolin (hydrated aluminum silicate) has traditionally been used internally to control diarrhea. Kaolin has also been used topically as an emollient and drying agent. Specifically, it has been used to dry oozing and weeping poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac rashes. It has also been used as a protectant for the temporary relief of anorectal itching and diaper rash.

Calcium propionate (E282) is a preservative, antimould and antirope agent. Calcium propionate has been widely used as a preservative in bakery and in bread. The addition of 0.3 % calcium propionate prolonged the shelf-life of salt reduced bread to 10-12 days. It is sometimes not carefully used, or a high concentration is added to preserve products. High consumption of calcium propionate can lead to several health problems. Calcium propionate is used to prevent milk fever in cows and as a feed supplement. It is considered to be safe and effective treatment given for one or two days to prevent milk fever and/or to support treatment of milk fever. Calcium propionate is generally recognized as safe by FDA when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. In nature, formic acid is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer. In medicine 85% formic acid application is a safe, economical, and effective alternative in the treatment of common warts with few side-effects and good compliance.

Pastaron (Urea) is a waste product of many living organisms, and is the major organic component of human urine. It is a very important starting material in a number of chemical syntheses, and is used on an industrial scale for the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and resins. Urea is an osmotic diuretic similar to mannitol but more irritant. Applied topically, urea promotes hydration of keratin and mild keratolysis in dry skin. It increases water uptake by the stratum corneum and has an antipruritic effect. Pastaron is used to soften rough or dry skin caused by skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, keratosis, and others.

Phenacetin was used as an analgesic and fever-reducing drug in both human and veterinary medicine for many years. Since a major portion of a dose of phenacetin is rapidly metabolised to paracetamol, it seems possible that phenacetin owes some of its therapeutic activity to its main metabolite, paracetamol, whereas its most troublesome side effect (methaemoglobinaemia) is due to another metabolite, p-phenetidine. Phenacetin was shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant while p-phenetidine potently inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin. Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin cause cancer of the renal pelvis, and of the ureter. Phenacetin was withdrawn from many analgesic mixtures long before the legal ban in several countries.

Chloroform is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid and widely used industrial and laboratory solvent. The total global flux of chloroform through the environment is approximately 660 000 tonnes per year, and about 90% of emissions are natural in origin. Many kinds of seaweed produce chloroform, and fungi are believed to produce chloroform in soil. Chloroform is used as an industrial solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of polymeric materials. The major use of chloroformtoday is in the production of the refrigerant R-22, commonly used in the air conditioning business. Inhaled chloroform anesthesia was introduced in 1847 and Chloroform subsequently became the most widely used volatile anaesthetic, and was used in horses before the end of the 19th century. Pure chloroform is known to be decomposed by the air with the formation of hydrochloric acid, phosgene and carbon dioxide. Phosgene is also generated metabolically from chloroform, and liver and kidney damage can ensue from its production.