Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | Al |
Molecular Weight | 26.9815 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Al]
InChI
InChIKey=AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/Al.3H
Aluminum is an element with an atomic number of 13. On the periodic table of elements its symbol is Al. It belongs to a group of metals including lead and tin. Aluminum has been used for a long time. During Ancient Egypt, aluminum oxides were used in their glazes and pottery. The Romans also used this metallic element. During the 1800s, advances in research made it possible to produce pure aluminum.
Aluminium is used in a huge variety of products including cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aeroplane parts. This is because of its particular properties. It has low density, is non-toxic, has a high thermal conductivity, has excellent corrosion resistance and can be easily cast, machined and formed. It is also non-magnetic and non-sparking. It is the second most malleable metal and the sixth most ductile. It is often used as an alloy because aluminium itself is not particularly strong. Alloys with copper, manganese, magnesium and silicon are lightweight but strong. They are very important in the construction of aeroplanes and other forms of transport. Aluminium is a good electrical conductor and is often used in electrical transmission lines. It is cheaper than copper and weight for weight is almost twice as good a conductor. When evaporated in a vacuum, aluminium forms a highly reflective coating for both light and heat. It does not deteriorate, like a silver coating would. These aluminium coatings have many uses, including telescope mirrors, decorative paper, packages and toys. Aluminium has no known biological role. Aluminium can accumulate in the body, and a link with Alzheimer’s disease has been suggested but not proven. Aluminum-containing raw materials are used safely and extensively in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and over-the-counter (OTC) drug products. In cosmetics, they function as pigments and thickening agents. Aluminum compounds also function as active ingredients in OTC drugs such as antacids and antiperspirants. Aluminum-containing ingredients have several uses in cosmetics and personal care products. Aluminum salts are used as antiperspirants to control sweat. Antiperspirant ingredients are regulated as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A manufacturer can only use the aluminum active ingredients that have been approved as safe and effective by the FDA as listed in the OTC antiperspirant monograph. These products can only be used according to the guidelines established in this monograph. Aluminum may also be present in cosmetic colors. Aluminum powder is FDA approved and may be safely used in coloring externally applied cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, [21 CFR §73.2645 Aluminum powder.]. In addition, aluminum is a common component in other cosmetic colors where it may be used as a substrate upon which another color is precipitated. Because the resulting color is not water-soluble, this can prevent ‘bleeding’, for example with lipstick. There are other uses of aluminum-containing ingredients in cosmetics, such as use as thickening agents. Under federal law, the safety of all ingredients must be substantiated by the manufacturer of the product before it is placed on the market. Aluminum compounds (alum) are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Alum facilitates effectiveand long-lasting protective immunity in hosts, mainly by inducing antibody responses. Alum was found toinduce endogenous CD4+T cells and antibody production as well as to induce priming of CD8+T cells. These effects are shown to beindependent of the inflammasome. Novel findings of unexpected beneficial effects of decreased HBV (Hepatitis B virus) viral load and HBeAg seroconversion in chronically infected patients, as well as significant tumor suppression in experimental mice following multiple alum-only injections were examined, revealing alum's potential clinical applications beyond its use as a simple tool in antigen preparation.
Approval Year
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Thrombocytopenia associated with intravenous desferrioxamine. | 1985 Oct |
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Effects of long-term in vitro exposure to aluminum, cadmium or lead on differentiation and cholinergic receptor expression in a human neuroblastoma cell line. | 1987 Dec |
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Grand mal fitting in a patient on regular haemodialysis treatment and receiving desferrioxamine therapy. | 1988 |
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Aluminum neurotoxicity: altered expression of cytoskeletal genes. | 1988 Apr |
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Exacerbation of aluminium encephalopathy after treatment with desferrioxamine. | 1989 |
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Exacerbation of aluminium encephalopathy after treatment with desferrioxamine. | 1989 |
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Neuronal gene expression in aluminum myelopathy. | 1989 Mar |
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Cerebrospinal fluid aluminum levels following deferoxamine. | 1990 Aug |
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Aluminum inhibits hemoglobin synthesis but enhances iron uptake in Friend erythroleukemia cells. | 1990 Feb |
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[The toxicity of aluminum on intake into the body with drinking water]. | 1990 Sep |
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[Environmental factors in western Pacific foci of ALS and a possible pathogenetic role of aluminum (Al) in motor neuron degeneration]. | 1991 Dec |
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Iron uptake by human reticulocytes at physiologic and sub-physiologic concentrations of iron transferrin: the effect of interaction with aluminum transferrin. | 1991 Jun 1 |
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Alzheimer disease amyloid beta protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: blockade by tromethamine and aluminum. | 1993 Jan 15 |
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[D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin, a delta opioid agonist reduces endogenous aluminum content in the rat central nervous system. | 1995 May |
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Inhibition of transcription factor IIIA-DNA interactions by xenobiotic metal ions. | 1996 Mar 1 |
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Aluminum alters iron and manganese uptake and regulation of surface transferrin receptors in primary rat oligodendrocyte cultures. | 1996 May 6 |
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Neuronal gene expression in aluminum-induced neurofibrillary pathology: an in situ hybridization study. | 1997 |
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Zinc allosterically modulates antagonist binding to cloned D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. | 1997 May |
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Serum Clara cell protein as an indicator of pulmonary impairment in occupational exposure at aluminum foundry. | 2006 |
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Elevated urinary excretion of aluminium and iron in multiple sclerosis. | 2006 Oct |
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Evidence for centrophenoxine as a protective drug in aluminium induced behavioral and biochemical alteration in rat brain. | 2006 Oct |
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Aluminum-induced mitochondrial dysfunction leads to lipid accumulation in human hepatocytes: a link to obesity. | 2007 |
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Destabilization of non-pathological variants of ataxin-3 by metal ions results in aggregation/fibrillogenesis. | 2007 |
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Aluminum toxicity triggers the nuclear translocation of HIF-1alpha and promotes anaerobiosis in hepatocytes. | 2007 Feb |
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Involvement of oxidative stress in the impairment in biliary secretory function induced by intraperitoneal administration of aluminum to rats. | 2007 Jun |
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Impact of aluminum on the oxidation of lipids and enzymatic lipolysis in monomolecular films at the air/water interface. | 2007 Mar 13 |
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An aluminum-based rat model for Alzheimer's disease exhibits oxidative damage, inhibition of PP2A activity, hyperphosphorylated tau, and granulovacuolar degeneration. | 2007 Sep |
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Aluminum and silica in drinking water and the risk of Alzheimer's disease or cognitive decline: findings from 15-year follow-up of the PAQUID cohort. | 2009 Feb 15 |
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Susceptibility of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase to aluminium induced oxidative damage. | 2009 Jan 31 |
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APP expression, distribution and accumulation are altered by aluminum in a rodent model for Alzheimer's disease. | 2009 Nov |
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Evaluation of the protective role of melatonin on the behavioral effects of aluminum in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. | 2009 Nov 9 |
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Physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of impaired seawater tolerance following exposure of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, smolts to acid and aluminum. | 2010 Aug 1 |
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Bax gene silencing: a potential intervention in aluminum-induced neural cell death. | 2010 Jan-Mar |
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Microsomal Ca2+ flux modulation as an indicator of heavy metal toxicity. | 2010 Jul |
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Effects of acidic water and aluminum exposure on gill Na(+), K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit isoforms, enzyme activity, physiology and return rates in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). | 2010 May 5 |
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Absence of binding between the human transferrin receptor and the transferrin complex of biological toxic trace element, aluminum, because of an incomplete open/closed form of the complex. | 2010 Sep |
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A novel approach for a toxicity prediction model of environmental pollutants by using a quantitative structure-activity relationship method based on toxicogenomics. | 2011 |
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Metal ions affecting the skin and eyes. | 2011 |
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Microarray analysis on human neuroblastoma cells exposed to aluminum, β(1-42)-amyloid or the β(1-42)-amyloid aluminum complex. | 2011 Jan 27 |
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The disruption of L-carnitine metabolism by aluminum toxicity and oxidative stress promotes dyslipidemia in human astrocytic and hepatic cells. | 2011 Jun 24 |
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Aluminum maltolate induces primary rat astrocyte apoptosis via overactivation of the class III PI3K/Beclin 1-dependent autophagy signal. | 2012 Mar |
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Transgenic nematodes as biosensors for metal stress in soil pore water samples. | 2012 Mar |
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Molecular dynamics simulations of iron- and aluminum-loaded serum transferrin: protonation of Tyr188 is necessary to prompt metal release. | 2012 Sep 4 |
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p38/AP-1 pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses is negatively modulated by electrical stimulation. | 2013 |
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How aluminum adjuvants could promote and enhance non-target IgE synthesis in a genetically-vulnerable sub-population. | 2013 Apr-Jun |
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The metal transporter SMF-3/DMT-1 mediates aluminum-induced dopamine neuron degeneration. | 2013 Jan |
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Assessment of infantile mineral imbalances in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). | 2013 Nov 11 |
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Protective effects of copper against aluminum toxicity on acetylcholinesterase and catecholamine contents of different regions of rat's brain. | 2013 Sep |
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Neuroprotective role of hydroalcoholic extract of Vitis vinifera against aluminium-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. | 2014 Mar |
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Aluminum trichloride inhibits osteoblast mineralization via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. | 2016 Jan 25 |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27004761
In the phase II B clinical trial, 74 hepatitis B virus patients with a viral load 4100 000 copies/mL and a serum ALT (alanine transaminase) oftwo to ten times the upper limit of normal were injected with 1 mL 0.1% Aluminum emulsion intramuscularly once every four weeks, for a total of six injections.
Route of Administration:
Intramuscular
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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CFR |
21 CFR 178.3297
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WHO-ATC |
D10AX01
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CFR |
21 CFR 176.170
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DSLD |
264 (Number of products:9)
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
111
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C637
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7429-90-5
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7429-90-5
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D000535
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DB01370
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1311504
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M1589
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5359268
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507
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C68232
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CPD4NFA903
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INS-173
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231-072-3
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SUB12808MIG
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SUB130454
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ACTIVE MOIETY