Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | Al |
Molecular Weight | 26.9815 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Al]
InChI
InChIKey=AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/Al.3H
Aluminum is an element with an atomic number of 13. On the periodic table of elements its symbol is Al. It belongs to a group of metals including lead and tin. Aluminum has been used for a long time. During Ancient Egypt, aluminum oxides were used in their glazes and pottery. The Romans also used this metallic element. During the 1800s, advances in research made it possible to produce pure aluminum.
Aluminium is used in a huge variety of products including cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aeroplane parts. This is because of its particular properties. It has low density, is non-toxic, has a high thermal conductivity, has excellent corrosion resistance and can be easily cast, machined and formed. It is also non-magnetic and non-sparking. It is the second most malleable metal and the sixth most ductile. It is often used as an alloy because aluminium itself is not particularly strong. Alloys with copper, manganese, magnesium and silicon are lightweight but strong. They are very important in the construction of aeroplanes and other forms of transport. Aluminium is a good electrical conductor and is often used in electrical transmission lines. It is cheaper than copper and weight for weight is almost twice as good a conductor. When evaporated in a vacuum, aluminium forms a highly reflective coating for both light and heat. It does not deteriorate, like a silver coating would. These aluminium coatings have many uses, including telescope mirrors, decorative paper, packages and toys. Aluminium has no known biological role. Aluminium can accumulate in the body, and a link with Alzheimer’s disease has been suggested but not proven. Aluminum-containing raw materials are used safely and extensively in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and over-the-counter (OTC) drug products. In cosmetics, they function as pigments and thickening agents. Aluminum compounds also function as active ingredients in OTC drugs such as antacids and antiperspirants. Aluminum-containing ingredients have several uses in cosmetics and personal care products. Aluminum salts are used as antiperspirants to control sweat. Antiperspirant ingredients are regulated as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A manufacturer can only use the aluminum active ingredients that have been approved as safe and effective by the FDA as listed in the OTC antiperspirant monograph. These products can only be used according to the guidelines established in this monograph. Aluminum may also be present in cosmetic colors. Aluminum powder is FDA approved and may be safely used in coloring externally applied cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, [21 CFR §73.2645 Aluminum powder.]. In addition, aluminum is a common component in other cosmetic colors where it may be used as a substrate upon which another color is precipitated. Because the resulting color is not water-soluble, this can prevent ‘bleeding’, for example with lipstick. There are other uses of aluminum-containing ingredients in cosmetics, such as use as thickening agents. Under federal law, the safety of all ingredients must be substantiated by the manufacturer of the product before it is placed on the market. Aluminum compounds (alum) are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Alum facilitates effectiveand long-lasting protective immunity in hosts, mainly by inducing antibody responses. Alum was found toinduce endogenous CD4+T cells and antibody production as well as to induce priming of CD8+T cells. These effects are shown to beindependent of the inflammasome. Novel findings of unexpected beneficial effects of decreased HBV (Hepatitis B virus) viral load and HBeAg seroconversion in chronically infected patients, as well as significant tumor suppression in experimental mice following multiple alum-only injections were examined, revealing alum's potential clinical applications beyond its use as a simple tool in antigen preparation.
Approval Year
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Age related decline in aluminum-activated human platelet adenylate cyclase: post-receptor changes in cyclic AMP second messenger signal amplification in normal aging and dementia of the Alzheimer type. | 1986 Sep 29 |
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Effects of long-term in vitro exposure to aluminum, cadmium or lead on differentiation and cholinergic receptor expression in a human neuroblastoma cell line. | 1987 Dec |
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Grand mal fitting in a patient on regular haemodialysis treatment and receiving desferrioxamine therapy. | 1988 |
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Exacerbation of aluminium encephalopathy after treatment with desferrioxamine. | 1989 |
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Neuronal gene expression in aluminum myelopathy. | 1989 Mar |
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Comparative binding study of aluminum and chromium to human transferrin. Effect of iron. | 1992 Jan-Mar |
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Alzheimer disease amyloid beta protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: blockade by tromethamine and aluminum. | 1993 Jan 15 |
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Aluminum alters iron and manganese uptake and regulation of surface transferrin receptors in primary rat oligodendrocyte cultures. | 1996 May 6 |
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Neuronal gene expression in aluminum-induced neurofibrillary pathology: an in situ hybridization study. | 1997 |
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Zinc allosterically modulates antagonist binding to cloned D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. | 1997 May |
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Aluminum is a weak agonist for the calcium-sensing receptor. | 1999 May |
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Aluminum increases levels of beta-amyloid and ubiquitin in neuroblastoma but not in glioma cells. | 2000 Apr |
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Effects of aluminum on activity of krebs cycle enzymes and glutamate dehydrogenase in rat brain homogenate. | 2000 May |
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Increase in phospholipase C-delta1 protein levels in aluminum-treated rat brains. | 2000 May 19 |
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Binding patterns of co-existing aluminium and iron to human serum transferrin studied by HPLC-high resolution ICP-MS. | 2000 Nov |
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Glial cells contribute more to iron and aluminum accumulation but are more resistant to oxidative stress than neuronal cells. | 2000 Nov 15 |
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Transferrin-mediated uptake of aluminium by human parathyroid cells results in reduced parathyroid hormone secretion. | 2000 Sep |
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Iron- and aluminum-induced carcinogenesis. | 2000 Sep-Oct |
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Aluminium increases xanthine oxidase activity and disturbs antioxidant status in the rat. | 2001 |
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Bronchial hyperreactivity in patients who inhale heroin mixed with cocaine vaporized on aluminum foil. | 2002 Apr |
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Alteration of trace element distribution and testis ACE activity in mice with high peritoneal aluminum. | 2002 May |
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The degradation of Abeta(25-35) by the serine protease plasmin is inhibited by aluminium. | 2002 Oct |
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Molecular understanding of aluminum-induced topological changes in (CCG)12 triplet repeats: relevance to neurological disorders. | 2002 Oct 9 |
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Influence of aluminium on neurotoxicity of lead in adult male albino rats. | 2003 Jun |
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Aluminum exchange between citrate and human serum transferrin and interaction with transferrin receptor 1. | 2003 Mar 18 |
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Aluminium-induced impairment of Ca2+ modulatory action on GABA transport in brain cortex nerve terminals. | 2003 Sep 15 |
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Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 and dopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal. | 2004 Apr |
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Antioxidants prevent aluminum-induced toxicity in cultured hepatocytes. | 2004 Jun |
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Human erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase inhibition by monosaccharides is not mediated by oxidation of enzyme sulfhydryl groups. | 2005 Aug |
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Structure of aluminium-bound ovotransferrin at 2.15 Angstroms resolution. | 2005 Dec |
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Using bicistronic IL-4 reporter mice to identify IL-4 expressing cells following immunisation with aluminium adjuvant. | 2006 Jun 29 |
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Effects of vitamin E against aluminum neurotoxicity in rats. | 2006 Mar |
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Effects of select PM-associated metals on alveolar macrophage phosphorylated ERK1 and -2 and iNOS expression during ongoing alteration in iron homeostasis. | 2006 May |
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Involvement of oxidative stress in the impairment in biliary secretory function induced by intraperitoneal administration of aluminum to rats. | 2007 Jun |
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Impact of aluminum on the oxidation of lipids and enzymatic lipolysis in monomolecular films at the air/water interface. | 2007 Mar 13 |
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[Selection of bax siRNA sequences and its influence on aluminum induced glioma cell apoptosis]. | 2008 May |
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Bax gene silencing: a potential intervention in aluminum-induced neural cell death. | 2010 Jan-Mar |
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Microsomal Ca2+ flux modulation as an indicator of heavy metal toxicity. | 2010 Jul |
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Absence of binding between the human transferrin receptor and the transferrin complex of biological toxic trace element, aluminum, because of an incomplete open/closed form of the complex. | 2010 Sep |
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The disruption of L-carnitine metabolism by aluminum toxicity and oxidative stress promotes dyslipidemia in human astrocytic and hepatic cells. | 2011 Jun 24 |
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[The effects of caspase-3 siRNA on the neurobehavior of mice exposed to aluminum]. | 2011 May |
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How aluminum adjuvants could promote and enhance non-target IgE synthesis in a genetically-vulnerable sub-population. | 2013 Apr-Jun |
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Neuroprotective role of hydroalcoholic extract of Vitis vinifera against aluminium-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. | 2014 Mar |
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Aluminum trichloride inhibits osteoblast mineralization via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. | 2016 Jan 25 |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27004761
In the phase II B clinical trial, 74 hepatitis B virus patients with a viral load 4100 000 copies/mL and a serum ALT (alanine transaminase) oftwo to ten times the upper limit of normal were injected with 1 mL 0.1% Aluminum emulsion intramuscularly once every four weeks, for a total of six injections.
Route of Administration:
Intramuscular
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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CFR |
21 CFR 178.3297
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WHO-ATC |
D10AX01
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CFR |
21 CFR 176.170
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DSLD |
264 (Number of products:9)
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
111
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C637
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7429-90-5
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DTXSID3040273
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D000535
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28984
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DB01370
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1311504
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M1589
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33629
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5359268
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507
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C68232
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CPD4NFA903
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INS-173
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231-072-3
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CPD4NFA903
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SUB12808MIG
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SUB130454
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ACTIVE MOIETY