THIOCTIC ACID, also known as alpha-lipoic acid, is a vitamin-like antioxidant that acts as a free-radical scavenger. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, R and S, being the R isoform an essential cofactor of four mitochondrial enzyme complexes. THIOCTIC ACID is available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement and has been used nutritionally and clinically since the 1950s for various diseases and conditions.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol from green tea, has the potential to impact a variety of human diseases. EGCG functions as a powerful antioxidant, preventing oxidative damage in healthy cells, but also as an antiangiogenic and antitumor agent and as a modulator of tumor cell response to chemotherapy. It was shown, that EGCG can inhibit 5-cytosine DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and reactivate methylation-silenced genes in cancer cells and another of the probable mechanisms by EGCG exercise their anti-tumor property is through the suppression of the NFκB signaling pathway. EGCG has emerged as a potential neuroprotective agent for the treatment of neurological disorders associated with harmful effects of reactive oxygen species. The neuroprotective mechanism of action is probably based on several factors, including EGCG's modulation of several signal transduction pathways, its influence on the expression of genes regulating cell survival or programmed cell death, as well as its modulation of mitochondrial function. A phase II/III trial of oral Sunphenon epigallocatechin-3-gallate in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis has been completed. In addition, EGCG was in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of multiple system atrophy and for patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ((DMD). DMD is the most frequent neuromuscular condition to occur in childhood and youth.

L-Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. L-Malic acid is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of L- and D-malic acid is produced synthetically. In humans, L-malic acid is both derived from food sources and synthesized in the body through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle which takes place in the mitochondria. L-Malate's importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of L-malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess of reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, L-malic acid's simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows L-malic acid to reverse hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. In studies on rats it has been found that only tissue malate is depleted following exhaustive physical activity. Notably, the administration of malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate and increase mitochondrial respiration and energy production. L-Malic acid is the source of extreme tartness in United States-produced confectionery, the so-called extreme candy. It is also used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour sweets. These sweets are sometimes labeled with a warning stating that excessive consumption can cause irritation of the mouth. The quantitative determination of L-malic acid is especially important in the manufacture of wine, beer, bread, fruit and vegetable products, as well as in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is one of the most important fruit acids, and has the highest concentration of all acids in wine. In the wine industry, the level of L-malic acid is monitored, along with L-lactic acid, during malolactic fermentation. Malic acid is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, US and Australia and New Zealand. Malic acid, when added to food products, is denoted by E number E296.

D-ribose, a naturally occurring pentose carbohydrate, and a key component in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule. D-ribose was studied for congestive heart failure. In addition was discovered, that D-ribose significantly reduced clinical symptoms in patients suffering from fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Recently was published an article where were described, that d-Ribose reacted with the N-terminal valinyl residues of hemoglobin (Hb), thus producing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). It is known, that HbA1c is the most important marker of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus, which prompts future studies to explore whether D-ribose could also lead to diabetic complications.

Resveratrol, a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol, exhibits a wide range of beneficial properties as an anticancer agent, a platelet anti-aggregation agent, and an antioxidant, as well as its anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic. This compound is in phase III clinical trials in combination with carboxymethyl-β-glucan for improving nasal symptoms in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Also in phase III clinical trial in the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis and in type 2 diabetic patients. It has been demonstrated that resveratrol may prevent type 2 diabetic by targeting Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1), indicating that SIRT1 may be a novel therapeutic target for diabetes prevention.

Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor found in all living cells. It exists in oxidized form (NAD+) and reduced form (NADH). NADH is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADH supplements are used for improving mental clarity, alertness, concentration, and memory; as well as for treating Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Because of its role in energy production, NADH is also used for improving athletic performance and treating chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Some people use NADH for treating high blood pressure, high cholesterol, jet lag, depression, and Parkinson’s disease; opposing alcohol’s effects on the liver; reducing signs of aging; protecting against the side effects of an AIDS drug called zidovudine (AZT).

Cianidanol is an antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. One of the polyphenols present in green tea, (+)-catechin (Cianidanol), has been studied for its effects on animal models of hepatitis, as well as in human clinical studies. Pure (+)-catechin (also known as (+)- cyanidanol-3 – trade name Catergen) has been used to treat hepatitis since 1976. This compound has been shown to be an efficient immune stimulator, promoting activation of macrophages, cytotoxic-T-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells in mice. Several clinical studies demonstrate the effectiveness of (+)-catechin in the treatment of viral hepatitis. Pure (+)-catechin has been found to cause hemolysis in some patients, possibly by the promotion of antibody formation against (+)-catechin, which might cross-react with red blood cells. However, there are no reports in the literature of green tea, green tea extracts, or green tea polyphenols causing this side-effect.

Magnesium L-Threonate (MgT) is the most appropriate Mg salt that strengthens the cholinergic system and improves brain-related functions. It is used to improve memory, assist with sleep, and to enhance overall cognitive function. Mg, an intracellular cofactor for many enzymes, is a modulator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor that is involved in memory function and depression. Experiments on rodents have shown that oral magnesium-L-Threonate also prevents neuropathic pain induced by chemotherapy.

Ursolic acid is a natural terpene compond found in a wide variety of plants but most well known for being in apple peels. Ursolic acid has a series of biological effects such as sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, antiulcer, antitumor etc. Ursolic acid has been shown to target multiple proinflammatory transcription factors, cell cycle proteins, growth factors, kinases, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory enzymes. Evidences suggest that ursolic acid could be used as a potential candidate to develop a comprehensive competent strategy towards the treatment and prevention of health disorders. Although the science is preliminary, it seems to be able to reduce fat accumulation and increase muscle mass gain when in a fed state, and to induce fat burning and preserve muscle mass when in a fasted state.