Camphoric acid is a product of oxidation of camphor, naturally occurring in rosemary. In the early twentieth century, camphoric acid was used in the night-sweats of phthisis and was also employed in solution as a local antiseptic to the nose, throat, and bladder. Camphoric acid was found to induce the expression of glutamate receptors NMDAR1, GluR3/4, and mGluR8.

Dibunate (also known as Becantex, Becantyl, Linctussal, L-1633, and described as the 2,6-isomer or the 2,7-isomer) is an antitussive oral medication that was used in many counties all over the world. The current marketing status of the drug is unknown and is supposed to be "discontinued".

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), an endogenous intermediary metabolite in the Krebs cycle, is a molecule involved in multiple metabolic and cellular pathways. As an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, AKG is essential for the oxidation of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose. Extracellular AKG is a significant source of energy for cells of the gastrointestinal tract. As a precursor for the synthesis of glutamate and glutamine in multiple tissues (including liver, skeletal muscle, heart, brain, and white adipose tissue), AKG bridges carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism for both conservation of amino acids and ammonia detoxification. Additionally, emerging evidence shows that AKG is a regulator of gene expression and cell signaling pathways (including the mammalian target of rapamycin and AMPactivated protein kinase). Thus, AKG is an attractive dietary supplement in animal and human nutrition to improve cellular energy status, immunity, and health.AKG can decrease protein catabolism and increase protein synthesis to enhance bone tissue formation in the skeletal muscles and can be used in clinical applications. In addition to these health benefits, a recent study has shown that AKG can extend the lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. Orally, AKG is used for kidney disease, gastrointestinal disorders, bacterial overgrowth, intestinal toxemia, liver dysfunction, and chronic candidiasis. It is also used for improving peak athletic performance, improving amino acid metabolism in hemodialysis patients, and cataracts. Intravenously, AKG is used for preventing ischemic injury during heart surgery, improving renal blood flow after heart surgery, and preventing muscle protein depletion after surgery or trauma.

Pangamic acid (6-O-(dimethylaminoacetyl)-D-gluconic acid) has been detected 1938 and described as a natural, universally occurring substance with multiple biological and medical functions. In this respect pangamic acid has been worldwide on the market since decades as a drug stimulating cellular respiration. In addition to the natural pangamic acid, diisopropylammonium dichloroacetate (DIPA), a synthetic product not found in biological material, is on the market requesting similar biological functions. Pangamic acid is the name given to a product originally claimed to contain D-gluconodimethyl aminoacetic acid, which was obtained from apricot kernels and later from rice bran. It is also referred to as vitamin B15, but pangamic acid is not generally recognized as a vitamin. Despite serious safety concerns, pangamic acid is used for improving exercise endurance; treating asthma and related diseases, skin conditions including eczema, lung problems, painful nerve and joint conditions, cancer, and arthritis; improving the oxygenation of the heart, brain, and other vital organs; and “detoxifying” the body. It is also used for treating alcoholism, hangovers, and fatigue; protecting against urban air pollutants; extending cell life; strengthening the immune system; lowering bloodcholesterol levels; and assisting in hormone regulation. Since there is no standard identity for the chemicals in pangamic acid, how it might work is unknown. Although pangamic acid is also called vitamin B15, there is no research that shows it is required by the body, as the term “vitamin” would suggest. The United States Food and Drug Administration has recommended seizing any chemicals advertised as pangamic acid and restraining the importation and interstate shipment of pangamic acid on the grounds that pangamic acid and pangamic acid products are unsafe for use and have no known nutritional properties

Sodium lactate is primarily indicated as a source of bicarbonate for prevention or control of mild to moderate metabolic acidosis in patients with restricted oral intake whose oxidative processes are not seriously impaired. Sodium Lactate is most commonly associated with an E number of “E325” Sodium Lactate blends are commonly used in meat and poultry products to extend shelf life and increase food safety. They have a broad antimicrobial action and are effective at inhibiting most spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. In addition sodium lactate is used in cosmetics as a humectant, providing moisture.

Sinapic acid is one of the most common hydroxycinnamic acids and is widespread in the plant kingdom. It has been identified in various fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, oilseed crops, some spices, and medicinal plants. Sinapic acid and its derivatives possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-anxiety activities.

Aconitic Acid found in leaves and tubers of Aconitum napellus L., Ranunculaceae, in various species of Achillea (Compositae) and Equisetum (Equisetaceae), in beet root, and in sugar cane. It is indicated for the temporary relief of symptoms of chronic illness including fatigue, effects of toxin buildup, slowed metabolism, weakened constitution. The limited data on trans-aconitic acid indicate it to be less toxic than citric acid. Trans-aconitate salts appear to be excreted readily by the kidneys. There is no direct evidence that trans-aconitic acid is utilized as is the cis-aconitic acid isomer in mammalian metabolism although non-specific oxidation probably occurs.