Glycine (Cly) is a natural amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as a co-agonist at Glutamate [NMDA] receptors in the brain and is an activator of glycine receptors, GLRA1-3, GLRB. The abnormal Gly levels have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Alterations in Gly levels are implicated in several diseases of the central nervous system. Glycine was studied in phase II of clinical trials in patients with schizophrenia. The results have shown that using of glycine was associated with reduced symptoms with promising effect sizes and a possibility of improvement in cognitive function. Besides, glycine was also studied in clinical trials phase II in children with cystic fibrosis. The clinical, spirometric and inflammatory status of subjects with cystic fibrosis improved after just 8 weeks of glycine intake, suggesting that this amino acid might constitute a novel therapeutic tool for these patients. In addition, Gly was proposed as a biomarker for brain tumor malignancy. Glycine is a component of a nutrients mixture for peripheral administration to well-nourished mildly catabolic adult patients who require only short-term parenteral nutrition.

Tartaric acid is found in many plants such as grapes, tamarinds, pineapples, mulberries and so on. Wine lees (called mud in the US), the sediment collected during the fermentation of grapes, contains potassium bitartrate (potassium hydrogen tartrate) as its major component. L-(+)-tartaric acid is an enantiomer of tartaric acid. Twenty five years before the tetrahedral structure for carbon was proposed in 1874 to explain the optical activity and other properties of organic compounds, Louis Pasteur discovered the existence of enantiomerism in tartaric acid. L-(+)-tartaric acid is widely used in food and beverage as acidity regulator with E number E334.

Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Aspirin is unique in this class of drugs because it irreversibly inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 activity by acetylating a serine residue (Ser529 and Ser516, respectively) positioned in the arachidonic acid-binding channel, thus inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and reducing the inflammatory response. The drug is used either alone or in combination with other compounds for the treatment of pain, headache, as well as for reducing the risk of stroke and heart attacks in patients with brain ischemia and cardiovascular diseases.

Benzocaine is a local anesthetic. It acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium ion channels in nerve endings. Benzocaine is available over-the counter for local anesthesia of oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes (sore throat, cold sores, mouth ulcers, toothache, sore gums, denture irritation), otic pain, and as a local anesthetic for surgical or diagnostic procedures. As a spray, benzocaine is used for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with minor burns, sunburn, minor cuts or scrapes, insect bites, or minor skin irritations. Topical application of benzocaine to gums or mouth may cause rare, but serious and potentially fatal adverse effect methemoglobinemia.

Methyl salicylate (or methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate), also known as wintergreen oil, is a natural product and is present in white wine, tea, porcini mushroom Boletus edulis, Bourbon vanilla, clary sage, red sage and fruits including cherry, apple, raspberry, papaya and plum. Methyl salicylate is topically used in combination with methanol and under brand name SALONPAS to temporarily relieves mild to moderate aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with: strains, sprains, simple backache, arthritis, bruises. The precise mechanism of action of methyl salicylate is not known, but there is suggested, that it cause dilation of the capillaries thereby increasing blood flow to the area.

Tricalcium silicate, the main constituent of Portland cement, hydrates to produce crystalline calcium hydroxide and calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) nanocrystalline gel. Tricalcium silicate-based cement, with tantalum oxide has no cytotoxic effect. Tricalcium silicate-based materials are growing in popularity for dental procedures. The use of tricalcium silicate as an odontotropic preparation makes it possible to create a hermetic crown restoration with a high degree of adhesion. The use of the tricalcium silicate as a material for direct pulp capping promotes more active regeneration processes.

Picadex is a dithiocarbamate derivative of piperazine. It was used in veterinary as an antihelmintic drug. It was shown to be effective in the treatment of Oesophagostamum infection in pigs.

Dalvastatin is a synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor developed by Rhône-Poulenc Rorer. Dalvastatin is a prodrug and is itself an inactive lactone. After oral ingestion, the drug is hydrolyzed in vivo to the corresponding beta-hydroxy acid, which is the pharmacologically active form. HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. An active form of dalvastatin inhibits HMG-CoA reductase with IC50 of 3.4 nM. In ex vivo assay, orally administered dalvastatin inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver slices with an ED50 value of 0.9. The efficacy of dalvastatin to lower cholesterol was investigated in the clinical trials in the 1990s, but no results were reported.