Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia in people who have not been helped by other types of chemotherapy or whose condition has improved but then worsened following treatment with other types of chemotherapy. Arsenic trioxide acts through activation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activator protein-1, and inhibition of dual-specificity phosphatases. Although the exact mechanisms under which ATO exerts its therapeutic effect in acute promyelocytic leukemia cancer cells are not well elucidated. It was shown that apoptotic mechanisms involved the induction of phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-3 activation, and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Adverse reactions described are leukocytosis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, fatigue, edema, hyperglycemia, dyspnea, cough, rash or itching, headaches, and dizziness.

Potassium is needed to maintain good health. When potassium level falls below 3.5 mmol/L, Hypokalemia is diagnosed. In case of extremely low level of potassium (lower than 2.5 mmol/L) the following symptoms are appeared: malaise and fatigue. This low level of potassium can lead to severe muscle weakness and paralysis; respiratory failure; intermittent muscle spasms. It is known, foods that are good sources of potassium and low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. Potassium supplementation is also recommended as an adjuvant antihypertensive agent for patients with essential hypertension.

There is no available information related any biological and pharmaceutical application of ammonium tetrachlorozincate.

Olaflur (amine fluoride 297, trade name elmex gel) is a fluoride-containing substance that is an ingredient of toothpastes and solutions for the prevention of dental caries. Especially in combination with dectaflur, it is also used in the form of gels for the treatment of early stages of caries, sensitive teeth, and by dentists for the refluoridation of damaged tooth enamel. Olaflur is a salt consisting of an alkyl ammonium cation and fluoride as the counterion. With a long lipophilic hydrocarbon chain, the cation has surfactant properties. It forms a film layer on the surface of teeth, which facilitates incorporation of fluoride into the enamel. The top layers of the enamel's primary mineral, hydroxylapatite, are converted into the more robust fluorapatite. The fluoridation reaches only a depth of a few nanometres, which has raised doubts whether the mechanism really relies on the formation of fluorapatite.

Magnesium diamide is used as a chemical intermediate. Magnesium diamide is spontaneously combustible. It is toxic by inhalation. Skin or eye contact may cause severe burns.

Calcium lactate is the salt that consists of two lactate anions for each calcium cation (Ca2+); this salt is used as a calcium supplement to treat hypocalcemia. However, as a source of free calcium, this salt is less convenient than calcium citrate. Calcium lactate inhalation powder also called as PUR118 participated in phase I clinical trials to determine whether this formulation was safe and tolerable in a population of subjects with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). PUR118 also was used in another clinical trials to evaluate its effect on ozone-induced airway Inflammation in healthy normal volunteers in case of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The obtained results revealed that PUR118 reduced the severity of acute exacerbations in COPD and CF and had the beneficial impacts on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life in affected individuals. However, both studies were discontinued.

Burow invented an astringent antiseptic solution of aluminium acetate in water to relieve the itching and inflammation of minor skin irritations. At present the oflicial U. S. P. procedure to made Burow's solution involves the reaction of aluminum sulfate, calcium carbonate and acetic acid to form aluminum sub-acetate, also termed basic aluminum acetate. The solution is available as an over-the-counter drug for topical administration, with brand names including Domeboro. Burow's solution has been shown to be effective against chronic suppurative otitis media and otitis externa. It is active against bacteria resulting in damage to the cell wall.

Transcrocetinate (TSC) is a novel compound that offers promise as a treatment for conditions caused by hypoxia or ischemia. Unlike crocetin, it worked well in the more severe hemorrhagic shock model. Although many of the earlier studies with TSC involved the treatment of the ischemic conditions of hemorrhagic shock in both rats and swine, a few other studies involved treating purely hypoxic situations. One study showed that TSC was capable of promoting survival in rats breathing 10% oxygen. TSC also was able to increase arterial PO2 values in a rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by injection of oleic acid. The drug acts via a mechanism that has not been previously exploited in a pharmaceutical. TSC increases the rate of oxygen diffusion between the erythrocytes and the tissues by altering the 'structure' of water in blood plasma. It does this by causing additional hydrogen bonds to form among the water molecules. Animal toxicology studies have demonstrated that high levels of TSC are well-tolerated, and a Phase I clinical study has shown that TSC is also safe in humans. Delayed TSC treatment improves outcomes in experimental models of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. TSC may be a safe and beneficial therapeutic modality for early stroke intervention, irrespective of the type of stroke involved. Transcrocetinate is in phase III clinical trial for the treatment of glioblastoma.

24-Hydroxycalcidiol (24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3) is a circulating metabolite of vitamin D3. 24,25(OH)2D3 functions by activation of Vitamin D receprtor and promotion of ostecalcin expression, but is less effective than other D3 metabolite, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. There is conflicting evidence on efffect of 24-hydroxycalcidiol on bone metabolism. In several animal studies it was demonstrated that 24-hydroxycalcidiol was able to stimulate calcification of bone and restore the reduction in bone mineral apposition rate. However, no beneficial effect of 24R,25(OH)2D3 treatment of postmenapausal women on bone mineral density or bone loss and calcium metabolism were observed.

Daidzein, an isoflavonoid phytoestrogenic compound found in soybeans, possesses various biological properties. It may induce apoptosis of choriocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, in addition, it promotes proliferation and differentiation in osteoblastic OCT1 cells via activation of the BMP-2/Smads pathway. Daidzein exerts neuroprotective effects through the novel extranuclear GPR30 and the classical transcriptionally acting ERβ.