(-)-Epigallocatechin is a polyphenol, which occurs naturally in various plants, including green tea leaves. The compound was shown to have anti-cancer activity in vitro, with breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer cells. The commercial preparation of Polyphenon E contains about 3% (-)-epigallocatechin as an impurity.

Stigmasterol (also known as Wulzen anti-stiffness factor) is a plant sterol, or phytosterol. Recent investigation discovered that this compound could be new promising anti- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus agent.

Secoisolaricircsinol is one of the most abundant dietary lignans in various foods, such as plant seeds, whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Secoisolariciresinol is the major lignin found in flaxseed and is present in a polymer that contains Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Secoisolariciresinol and Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside are known to have a number of health benefits, including reduction of the serum cholesterol levels, delaying of the onset of type 2 diabetes, and reduction of the formation of hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Following the consumption of Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, it is further converted by the bacteria in the colon of humans and other animals into aglycone Secoisolariciresinol and the mammalian lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone. The structures of enterodiol and enterolactone are similar to that of estradiol, an endogenous estrogen. This structural similarity accounts for the ability of these compounds to bind to estrogen receptors and to exert weak estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects, depending on the presence of stronger estrogen. It is well known that Secoisolariciresinol has an estrogen-like activity and stimulates the cell growth of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

Tridecanoic acid is a 13-carbon saturated fatty acid found in dairy products and also as a product of anaerobic biodegradation of n-hexadecane. It has been identified as a substrate of phospholipase A2. Saturated fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of C12 to C14 activated the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and epsilon-subspecies of the protein kinase C, and this activation was synergistic with that by diacylglycerol. Tridecanoic acid(C13) was most effective among the saturated fatty acids examined.

Arctigenin is a plant lignan extracted from Arctium lappa that has been shown to have estrogenic properties. In ER-positive MCF-7 cells, arctigenin efficiently inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell migration and invasion. Arctigenin confers anti-metastatic effects by inhibiting MMP-9 and uPA via the Akt, NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways on breast cancer, regardless of ER expression. Intake of arctigenin could be an effective supplement for breast cancer patients. Arctigenin is a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan compound possessing antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-influenza, antioxidant, antibacterial, and hypoglycaemic activities. Arctigenin exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against CCRF-CEM cells after 72 h treatment with IC50 values of 1.21 ± 0.15 um. It arrested CCRF-CEM cells in the S phase. It induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Arctigenin is a good candidate for the development of novel agents against T-cell lymphoma. Arctigenin has been found to act as an agonist of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). Arctigenin is an antagonist of MR and effectively decreases the Na/K-ATPase 1 gene expression, thus highlighting its potential as an anti-hypertensive drug lead compound.

Isoquercetin is a flavonoid, derivative of quercetin. It was isolated from various plant species including Ammothamnus Lehmanii, Caragana alaica, Cicer baldshuanicum, C. macroconthum, C. pungens, Euphorbia cyparissias, E. helioscapia, E. lathyris, E. lucida, E. purporata and others. It demonstrated radical scavenging activity, inhibitory effects on Na+/K+-ATPase and positive inotropic activity. It is protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) inhibitor. As a PDI inhibitor, this agent blocks PDI-mediated platelet activation, and fibrin generation, which prevents thrombus formation after vascular injury. Isoquercetin inhibited the replication of both influenza A and B viruses at the lowest effective concentration. Isoquercetin activates the ERK1/2-Nrf2 pathway and protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro. It is being investigated for prevention of thromboembolism in selected cancer patients and as an anti-fatigue agent in kidney cancer patients treated with sunitinib.

Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a defence molecule from garlic (Allium sativum L.) with a broad range of biological activities. Allicin is produced upon tissue damage from the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulfoxide) in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme alliinase. Allicin is known to be hydrophobic and can be readily absorbed through the cell membrane without inducing any damage to the phospholipid bilayer and then rapidly metabolized to exert pharmacological effects. The majority of allicin's effects are believed to be mediated via redox-dependent mechanisms. Allicin is physiologically active in microbial, plant and mammalian cells. In a dose-dependent manner allicin can inhibit the proliferation of both bacteria and fungi or kill cells outright, including antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In plants allicin inhibits seed germination and attenuates root-development. Furthermore, in mammalian cell lines, including cancer cells, allicin induces cell-death and inhibits cell proliferation. Allicin was found to provide cardio-protective effects by inducing vasorelaxation and alleviating various pathological conditions of CVD, including cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet aggregation, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Allicin was also discovered to further protect the cardiovascular system by enhancing the antioxidant status by lowering the level of reactive oxygen species and stimulating the production of glutathione.

Vintiamol was developed as a new form of vitamin B1. Information about the current use of this agent is not available.

Acetiamine (syn. thianeurone or diacetamine) is a thiamine derivative which is rarely used in pharmaceuticals. It is lipid-soluble. It has been studied for the treatment of rheumatic diseases.