Uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has proven and emerging roles in human disease. Humans produce large quantities of uric acid. Excess serum accumulation of uric acid can lead to a type of arthritis known as gout. Hyperuricemia may increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease. High serum uric acid was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes and other diseases.

Palmitoleic acid, commonly known as omega-7, is a rare monounsatured fatty acid, which was generally reported to benefit the skin in promoting epithelialisation, and certain gynaecological problems (vaginal mycoses). Until now, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a shrub widely found in Europe and Asia, and macadamia nuts have been the principal sources. Palmitoleic acid (PMA) has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. Palmitoleic acid is a gap junction uncoupler.

Glucuronic acid is a sugar acid that was first identified in urine. It is an intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway. Moreover, glucuronic acid is involved in detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them and forming glucuronides. Glucuronic acid has been found to cause an increase in TLR4-dependent reporter protein expression in a cell line transfected with TLR4 and associated co-signaling molecules, and can cause TLR4-dependent pain in humans.

Clodronate (also known as clodronic acid) is a drug used to treat a high level of calcium in the blood caused by changes in the body that happen with cancer. Clodronate is approved in some countries and is sold under trade trade name bonefos for oral use. Bonefos is indicated in the management of osteolytic lesions, hypercalcemia and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases in patients with carcinoma of the breast or multiple myeloma. Bonefos is also indicated for the maintenance of clinically acceptable serum calcium levels in patients with hypercalcemia of malignancy initially treated with an intravenous bisphosphonate. Bonefos forms complexes with divalent metal ions, and therefore simultaneous administration with food, antacids and mineral supplements may impair absorption. It was suggested, that the mechanism of action of clodronate was involved osteoclast apoptosis.

Since its first isolation in 1844, usnic acid has become the most extensively studied lichen metabolite and one of the few that are commercially available. Lichens belonging to usnic acid-containing genera have been used as crude drugs throughout the world. There are indications of usnic acid being a potentially interesting candidate for such activities as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, healing, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, larvicidal and UV protection. However, some studies reported the liver toxicity and contact allergy. Usnic acid reduced the production of Junin virus in infected Vero cells in a dependent dose manner, and 50% inhibition was obtained at an effective concentration (EC50) of 9.9 µM. Regarding the TCRV arenavirus, the effective concentration was 20.6 uM. The selectivity indexes (CC50/EC50) of usnic acid for JUNV and TCRV arenavirus were 6.8 and 3.2, respectively, indicating a specific antiviral activity against these viruses and not just a general consequence of its action on cellular toxicity.