Icosapent is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. EPA can be used for lowering elevated triglycerides in those who are hyperglyceridemic. In addition, EPA may play a therapeutic role in patients with cystic fibrosis by reducing disease severity and may play a similar role in type 2 diabetics in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

CRESTOR (rosuvastatin calcium) is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. It has been widely launched for the treatment of patients with dyslipidaemia and has also been approved in the US and EU to slow the progression of atherosclerosis.

Fenofibrate is a drug of the fibrate class. It is mainly used to reduce cholesterol levels in people at risk of cardiovascular disease. It’s used as adjunctive therapy to diet to reduce elevated LDL-C, Total-C,Triglycerides and Apo B, and to increase HDL-C in adult patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb). Fenofibrate is a fibric acid derivative, a prodrug comprising fenofibric acid linked to an isopropyl ester. Fenofibrate is rapidly hydrolyzed after oral ingestion to its pharmacologically active form, fenofibric acid. The effects of fenofibric acid seen in clinical practice have been explained in vivo in transgenic mice and in vitro in human hepatocyte cultures by the activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα). It lowers lipid levels by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). PPARα activates lipoprotein lipase and reduces apoprotein CIII (an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase activity), which increases lipolysis and elimination of triglyceride-rich particles from plasma. The resulting fall in triglycerides produces an alteration in the size and composition of LDL from small, dense particles (which are thought to be atherogenic due to their susceptibility to oxidation), to large buoyant particles. These larger particles have a greater affinity for cholesterol receptors and are catabolized rapidly. PPARα also increases apoproteins AI and AII, reduces VLDL- and LDL-containing apoprotein B, and increases HDL-containing apoprotein AI and AII.Fenofibrate also reduces serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic and normal individuals by increasing the urinary excretion of uric acid. Fenofibrate also has an off-label use as uricosuric therapy in people who have gout.

Trigonellamide (1-Methylnicotinamide) is a metabolite of nicotinamide and is produced primarily in the liver by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. Trigonellamide may be an endogenous activator of prostacyclin (PGI2) production and thus may regulate thrombotic as well as inflammatory processes in the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms of action of Trigonellamide involve the activation of PGI2 release driven by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). PGI2 releasing capacity of 1- Trigonellamide was shown to afford not only anti-thrombotic but also fibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective effects. Interestingly, Trigonellamide did not directly either affect the activity of leucocytes or release PGI2 in the perfused rat hindquarters model. Still, Trigonellamide, due to its PGI2 releasing capacity, might serve as a hepatoprotective agent that protects against Concanavalin-A induced liver injury through the downregulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α signalization (TNF-α). In addition to its anti-platelet, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities, 1-MNA has also been shown to restore endothelial function in diabetic hyperglycemic rats, as well as to improve endothelial function in humans. PGI2 displays anti-metastatic activity, and the PGI2 releasing activity of Trigonellamide, the potential application of exogenous Trigonellamide to prevent metastatic cancer.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a rate-limiting enzyme that hydrolyzes circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons. Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc. synthesized the LPL activator NO-1886 (ibrolipim, [4-(4-bromo-2-cyano-phenylcarbamoyl)-benzyl]-phosphonic acid diethyl ester, CAS 133208-93-2). NO-1886 increased LPL mRNA and LPL activity in adipose tissue, myocardium and skeletal muscle, resulting in an elevation of postheparin plasma LPL activity and LPL mass. It was discovered, that this agent has a potentially beneficial for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-HDL cholesterolemia, and protection from atherosclerosis. In addition, this agent may be used in the treatment of obesity and obesity-linked health problems in postmenopausal women.

A-922500 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable DGAT-1 inhibitor. A-922500 confers weight loss and a reduction in liver triglycerides when dosed chronically in DIO mice and depletes serum triglycerides following a lipid challenge in a dose-dependent manner, thus, reproducing major phenotypical characteristics of DGAT-1(-/-) mice. A-922500 (0.03, 0.3 and 3 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently attenuates the maximal postprandial rise in serum triglyceride concentrations. DGAT-1 inhibition by A-922500 can be a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in humans.

Palmitoleic acid, commonly known as omega-7, is a rare monounsatured fatty acid, which was generally reported to benefit the skin in promoting epithelialisation, and certain gynaecological problems (vaginal mycoses). Until now, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a shrub widely found in Europe and Asia, and macadamia nuts have been the principal sources. Palmitoleic acid (PMA) has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. Palmitoleic acid is a gap junction uncoupler.

Cynarine (Cynarin) is the most noteworthy active ingredient of the artichoke, and is considered a medicinal foodstuff due to its beneficial effect on the organism, derived from its condition as a stimulant of bile secretion (choleretic effect). Cynarine is present in artichoke leaves and has a beneficial effect on the control of gallstones, helps control cholesterol levels and improves gallbladder function. Chlorogenic acid and cynarin have been shown to have activity against oxidative stress in human leukocytes, whereas cynarin has also been shown to have hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, and, more recently, antihuman immunodeficiency virus-1 (anti-HIV-1; 44) activities. Cynarin had marked antioxidant, anticholinergic, reducing ability, radical-scavenging, and metal-binding activities.

Icosapent is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. EPA can be used for lowering elevated triglycerides in those who are hyperglyceridemic. In addition, EPA may play a therapeutic role in patients with cystic fibrosis by reducing disease severity and may play a similar role in type 2 diabetics in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Icosapent is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. EPA can be used for lowering elevated triglycerides in those who are hyperglyceridemic. In addition, EPA may play a therapeutic role in patients with cystic fibrosis by reducing disease severity and may play a similar role in type 2 diabetics in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.