Iofetamine is a diagnostic compound that was used for brain-imaging. Iofetamine may cause different adverse reactions such as increase in systolic blood pressure by about 10 mm Hg, dizziness, hearing loss and allergy.

Cinchonidine is an alkaloid found in Cinchona officinalis and Gongronema latifolium. Cinchonidine is an antimalarial drug which has been used clinically in malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Cinchonidine is reported as an ingredient of Quinimax in a number of countries. Quinimax is a combination of four alkaloids (quinine, quinidine, cinchoine and cinchonidine).

Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora spp. It is effective against major gram-negative bacterias such as Proteus, Serratia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Astromicin sulfate has been given by intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion. Side effects are: rash, urticaria, itch, erythema, fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Combination with strong diuretics can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.

Diloxanide (used in the form of furoate) was developed for the treatment of intestinal amoebiasis. The effectiveness of the drug was proved in clinical trials, however, the mechanism of its action is unknown. The drug is not marketed in the United States, athough it is available in India.

Almitrine, a selective pulmonary vasoconstrictor and a respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In combination with raubasine, it used under the brand, name Duxil for the treatment of age-related cerebral disorders and functional rehabilitation after stroke. In addition, Duxil has been considered as an alternative treatment for dementia, but because of the low methodological quality of included trials and the small number of trials, the obtained data did not provide sufficient evidence to support the routine use of this drug for the disease.

Tolperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant first synthesized in 1956 and used in clinical practice since the 1960’s. Tolperisone is an aryl alkyl β-aminoketone with an asymmetric carbon atom α to the carbonyl group. The dextrorotatory enantiomer was reported less effective, however, no detailed analyses of the enantiomers are available. The precise mechanism of action of tolperisone is not fully known. The most prominent effect of tolperisone is its inhibitory action on pathways of spinal reflexes. It suppresses the mono and polysynaptic reflex transmission by both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms.

Phenoxypropazine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. It was used in the treatment of depression. Phenoxypropazine was introduced in 1961 and withdrawn after 5 years on the market due to dose- and time-unrelated liver damage not identified in animal experiments.

Pronetalol (Pronethalol) is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist that is structurally related to propranolol. Pronethalol displays a ∼125–150-fold lower affinity (140–830 nM) for beta-adrenoceptors than propranolol (1.1–5.7 nM). Pronethalol was the first beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used for the treatment of coronary heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias. Pronethalol is a cationic-amphiphilic agent that exhibits membrane-stabilizing effects that are unrelated to beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Pronetalol itself never came into widespread clinical use; it was found to produce thymic tumors in mice, and was discarded in favor of a similar, safer compound, ICI 45,520.

Ganglioside GM1 is a monosialo-glycosphingolipid belonging to the gangliotetrahexosyl series that abundant in neurons of all animal species and plays important roles in many cell physiological processes, including differentiation, memory control, cell signaling, neuronal protection, neuronal recovery, and apoptosis. Ganglioside GM1 in neurons helps to transfer information from the exterior to the interior of the cell, through specific recognition and binding of biologically active molecules (membrane receptors and ion channels), and has specific functions in nerve conduction and/or synaptic transmission. The mechanisms underlying the effects of Ganglioside GM1 remain unclear in many cases, but it appears that these effects are often due to specific interactions between Ganglioside GM1 and proteins involved in signaling processes, within Ganglioside GM1-enriched lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. Ganglioside GM1 is a major component of total ganglioside mixtures from mammalian brains, from which it can be extracted and purified in large amounts. Ganglioside GM1 was widely used in the past as a therapeutic drug for a wide variety of neurological disorders. Further studies have shown that Ganglioside GM1 has immunogenic properties and led to the production of antibodies that promoted peripheral neuropathies such as Guillain–Barré syndrome.

Phenoxypropazine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. It was used in the treatment of depression. Phenoxypropazine was introduced in 1961 and withdrawn after 5 years on the market due to dose- and time-unrelated liver damage not identified in animal experiments.