Paradichlorobenzene is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a fumigant insecticide and repellent. Paradichlorobenzene turns directly from a solid into a gas, a process called sublimation. The target organisms are molds, mildews, and insects, but paradichlorobenzene can also be toxic to people and other animals. Most pesticide products containing paradichlorobenzene in the U.S. are used to control clothes moths in airtight containers. Paradichlorobenzene was first registered for use in the United States in 1942, and it is sometimes called 1,4-dichlorobenzene.

Geraniol is a dietary monoterpene alcohol that is found in the essential oils of aromatic plants. To date, experimental evidence supports the therapeutic or preventive effects of geraniol on different types of cancer, such as breast, lung, colon, prostate, pancreatic, and hepatic cancer, and has revealed the mechanistic basis for its pharmacological actions. In addition, geraniol sensitizes tumor cells to commonly used chemotherapy agents. Geraniol controls a variety of signaling molecules and pathways that represent tumor hallmarks; these actions of geraniol constrain the ability of tumor cells to acquire adaptive resistance against anticancer drugs. It has been shown that geraniol inhibits HMG-CoA reductase in most types of tumor cells, which raises the possibility that the reduced prenylation of small G-proteins, such as Ras or RhoA, accounts for the antitumor effects of geraniol. In addition to its use in various commercial products, including cosmetics and fine fragrances, geraniol exerts a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and neuroprotective activities. Geraniol is classified into the generally recognized-as-safe (GRAS) category by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States.

Cinnamyl alcohol (CAL, 3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol) is found mostly in esterized form as a natural component in cinnamon oil obtained from the bark of the Cylonese cinnamon tree. Furthermore, (esterized) CAL is a component of the balsam of Peru from Myroxylon pereirae, of Styrax (balsam) from the wood of Liquidambar orientalis Miller or Liquidambar styraciflua L. and further plant extracts. The regulatory status of CAL includes approval (21 CFR 172.515) by the FDA and Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as flavor ingredient [Number 2294] by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers
Association. CAL included in the Council of Europe
s list of substances which may be used in foodstuffs. CAL have been reported as common component of food occurring mainly in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and spices in varying concentrations. The plant phenolic CAL is used as a fragrance ingredient and has antipyretic and antiproliferative effects. A recent report also demonstrated its vasodilatory activity.

Methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) is a bromine-containing preservative that has been used in cosmetic and toiletry preparations as well as in some industrial products. A maximum concentration of 0.1% MDBGN in stay-on and rinse-off cosmetics was approved for use in the mid 1980’s and animal tests showed it to be a weak sensitiser compared to other preservatives used at the time. By the 1990’s it became a commonly used preservative, particularly in cosmetic and self-hygiene products. However, methyldibromo glutaronitrile was soon discovered to cause allergic contact dermatitis reactions in eczema patients. Rates of sensitisation to MDBGN increased from 0.7% in 1991 to 3.5% in 2000 in patch test studies from 16 European centres. In the United States, sensitivity rates were up to 11.7%. In 2005, the European Union, banned the use of MDBGN in stay-on products, and then later in 2007 also in rinse-off products. Recent data from Europe observed a significant decrease in positive patch test reactions since the ban of MDBGN.

Thiram is a pesticide, It is used as a fungicide, ectoparasiticide to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops. It is also used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. Thiram belongs to the ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) chemical class. It is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water dispersible granules, and water suspension formulations and in mixtures with other fungicides. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap. Thiram is a skin sensitizer. It is moderately toxic by ingestion, but it is highly toxic if inhaled. Acute exposure in humans may cause headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints. In rats and mice, large doses of thiram produced muscle incoordination, hyperactivity followed by inactivity, loss of muscular tone, labored breathing, convulsions and death.

p-Phenylenediamine is one of the simplest aromatic diamine primarily used as a component of engineering polymers, composites, dye intermediate and as a hair dye. p-Phenylenediamine is easily oxidized, and for this reason derivatives of p-Phenylenediamine are used as antiozonants in the production of rubber products. The substituents, naphthyl, isopropyl etc. affect the effectiveness of their antioxidant roles as well as their properties as skin irritants. Acute (short-term) exposure to high levels of p-phenylenediamine may cause severe dermatitis, eye irritation and asthma, gastritis, renal failure, vertigo, tremors, convulsions, and coma in humans. Eczematoid contact dermatitis may result from chronic (long-term) exposure in humans. In rats and mice chronically exposed to p-phenylenediamine in their diet, depressed body weights, but no other clinical signs of toxicity were observed in several studies. No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of p-phenylenediamine in humans. EPA has not classified p-phenylenediamine with respect to carcinogenicity.

2,2'-dithiobisbenzothiazole is a Standardized Chemical Allergen as labeled by US Food and Drug Administration. and can cause an allergic contact dermatitis.Its physiologic effect is by means of increased histamine release, and cell-mediated immunity. 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) is a useful compound in the rubber industry as a vulcanization accelerator. 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) was marketed to the rubber industry under the tradename Altax(TM) by the R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. and was originally developed for safe processing of rubber compounds cured at above 142° C. 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) is widely used in compounds of all types for many major commercial applications. It may be carcinogenic for human. The mortality (1955-2005) and cancer morbidity experience (1971-2005) of a cohort of 363 male production workers exposed to MBT while employed at a chemical factory in north Wales showed a significant excess mortality for cancers of the large intestine.

Bronopol is used as a preservative in various cosmetic, pharmaceutical, toiletry and household preparations at concentrations of up to 0.1% (wt/vol) particularly because of its high activity against Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonad. Bronopol hydrolyzes within 3 h at 60 °C and pH 8, producing formaldehyde, nitrosamines, and other molecules. Although the parent compound (bronopol) is rather short-lived in the environment, its degradation products are toxic and more persistent. The protection against the bactericidal activity of bronopol afforded by catalase or superoxide dismutase suggests that the activity stems from the aerobic interaction and the generation of active oxygen species from oxygen diffusing into the suspensions during bronopol treatment. The acute oral LD50 was 307 mg/kg for rat males and 342 mg/kg for females. Bronopol is moderately toxic by the oral route. Results from an acute dermal toxicity study while inadequate, suggest bronopol is highly toxic by the dermal route.

Ethylenediamine is a strongly basic amine useful as a building block in chemical synthesis. It is used as a solvent to dissolve proteins such as albumins, casein and in medicine to stabilize aminophylline when used in injections. Ethylenediamine is used in manufacture of chelating agents (EDTA), epoxy curing agents, dimethylolethylene-urea resins, emulsifying agents, textile lubricants, antifreeze inhibitor. It is also involved in the manufacture of many industrial chemicals and forms derivatives with carboxylic acids, nitriles, alcohols, alkylating agents, carbon disulfide, aldehydes and ketones. It is a basic building block to prepare heterocyclic compound such as imidazolidines.