Tubocurarine, a naturally occurring alkaloid, is used to treat smoking withdrawl syndrom. Tubocurarine, the chief alkaloid in tobacco products, binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors at the autonomic ganglia, in the adrenal medulla, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the brain. Two types of central nervous system effects are believed to be the basis of Tubocurarine's positively reinforcing properties. A stimulating effect is exerted mainly in the cortex via the locus ceruleus and a reward effect is exerted in the limbic system. At low doses the stimulant effects predominate while at high doses the reward effects predominate. Intermittent intravenous administration of Tubocurarine activates neurohormonal pathways, releasing acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, vasopressin, beta-endorphin, growth hormone, and ACTH. Tubocurarine competes with acetylcholine for post-synaptic nicotinic NM receptors and blocks them.

FURTRETHONIUM is an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was used for the treatment of glaucoma.

FURTRETHONIUM is an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was used for the treatment of glaucoma.

FURTRETHONIUM is an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was used for the treatment of glaucoma.

FURTRETHONIUM is an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was used for the treatment of glaucoma.

FURTRETHONIUM is an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was used for the treatment of glaucoma.

Aminohippurate (p-aminohippuric acid, PAH, PAHA) is the glycine amide of p-aminobenzoic acid. Aminohippuric acid sodium salt is an agent to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF).

FURTRETHONIUM is an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was used for the treatment of glaucoma.

MERALLURIDE ACID is an organomercuric compound. It was used as a diuretic in a 1:1 mixture with theophylline.