Ethidium is a DNA intercalating agent first discovered as and used as a veterenary trypanocide. A bromide salt is commonly used as a fluorescent tag in molecular biology. The fluorescene of ethidium bromide increased 21 fold upon binding to double-stranded RNA, 25 fold upon binding double stranded DNA. Because of the binding to DNA, ethidium bromide is a powerful inhibitor of DNA polymerase.

BROTIANIDE is salicylanilide derivative used to treat fascioliasis in sheep. A dose of 7 mg/kg of brotianide shows 91-99% activity against 7-14 weeks old flukes; however, its activity against 6 weeks old flukes is weak (50-90%). It also possesses 85-90% activity against paramphistomes in sheep and cattle. The maximum tolerated dose of brotianide is 27 mg/kg in sheep.

Bromoxanide shows high activity against 6-week-old worms of F. hepatica and the nematode Hae- monchus contortus at very low doses.

Olaquindox, a potent antibacterial agent, is used as an effective feed additive in the livestock industry. Olaquindox could potentially expose a human to the risk of biological hazards due to its genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. However, the potential mechanism of toxicity is still unknown. Recently was provided experiments to explore the molecular mechanism of p21 on olaquindox-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. It was shown, that olaquindox promoted the production of ROS, suppressed the protein expression p21 in a p53-independent way and phosphorylated p21. This experiment provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of olaquindox and shed light on the role of p21.

Stibamine Glucoside is a nitrogen glucoside of p-aminophenylstibinate of sodium useful for the treatment of leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis also known as kala-azar black fever Stibamine Glucoside is administered by slow i.v or deep i.m. injection. Some 80% of a dose is recov¬ered in the urine on 24 h. Elimination from the plasma is biphasic, the half-life of the initial phase being 2 h and that of the subsequent phase 76 h. In high dose car¬diac, renal or hepatic toxicity may occur. Stibamine Glucoside is no longer marketed due to safety reason.

Lobendazole is a metabolite of veterinary drug thiophanate. Lobendazole possesses teratogenic effect.

Stirimazole is an imidazole derivative patented by Lilly Industries Ltd. as an antiparasitic agent effective against Trypanosoma congolense, T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense, and T. cruzi. Stirimazole inhibited Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro at 0.225 μg/ml and eliminated infected lesions in mice at 20 mg/kg orally. Stirimazole eliminated intestinal amebiasis in rats at 50 mg/kg orally and hepatic amebiasis in hamsters at 100 mg/kg i.p. Stirimazole was curative against Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma gambiense, and Trypanosoma congolense in mice at 25, 100, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg (4 times, i.p.), respectively, and against Trypanosoma vivax in calves at 25 mg/kg i.v.

FLOXACRINE, a dihydroacridinedione derivative, is an antimalarial agent. It showed high potency against blood-induced infection of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lines of Plasmodium berghei in animal models.

Thiacetarsamide is a drug containing trivalent arsenic. In the USA it was used for the treatment of Heartworm Infection in dogs and cats under tradename Caparsolate, however, it was discontinued because of the availability of safer alternatives. The mechanism of action for thiacetarsamide is modulation of glucose uptake and metabolism; inhibition of glutathione reductase, and alteration of the structure and function of the surface of the intestinal epithelium of the parasites.