HOMIDIUM

Investigational

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	C21H20N3
Molecular Weight	314.4036
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	1

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

CC[N+]1=C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC(N)=CC=C3C4=C1C=C(N)C=C4

InChI

InChIKey=QTANTQQOYSUMLC-UHFFFAOYSA-O

InChI=1S/C21H19N3/c1-2-24-20-13-16(23)9-11-18(20)17-10-8-15(22)12-19(17)21(24)14-6-4-3-5-7-14/h3-13,23H,2,22H2,1H3/p+1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	C21H19N3
Molecular Weight	313.3957
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Description
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/889813 | https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/e7637pis.pdf

Ethidium is a DNA intercalating agent first discovered as and used as a veterenary trypanocide. A bromide salt is commonly used as a fluorescent tag in molecular biology. The fluorescene of ethidium bromide increased 21 fold upon binding to double-stranded RNA, 25 fold upon binding double stranded DNA. Because of the binding to DNA, ethidium bromide is a powerful inhibitor of DNA polymerase.

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
DNA 282 Target ID: CHEMBL2366045 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/889813	Binding Agent 1076

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Bovine trypanosomiasis 3 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187912	Curative		Preclinical	HOMIDIUM Approved Use Unknown

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Placental protein 14 induces apoptosis in T cells but not in monocytes.	2001-07-27	11325960
Site-specific charge interactions of alpha-conotoxin MI with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.	2001-06-29	11323431
Reducible cationic lipids for gene transfer.	2001-06-15	11389682
Standardised tests in mice and cattle for the detection of drug resistance in tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes of African domestic cattle.	2001-06-12	11390069
Depletion of mitochondrial DNA alters glucose metabolism in SK-Hep1 cells.	2001-06	11350783
Ethidium bromide and SYBR Green I enhance the genotoxicity of UV-irradiation and chemical mutagens in E. coli.	2001-05-31	11377248
[Method of the anomalous time dependence of viscosity for registration of changes in conformational state of Escherichia coli cell genome].	2001-05-19	11357340
Simple, sensitive and accurate method for the quantification of prothrombin mRNA by using competitive PCR.	2001-05-15	11336642
Melittin exerts multiple effects on the release of free fatty acids from L1210 cells: lack of selective activation of phospholipase A2 by melittin.	2001-05-01	11370672
Expression of a P2X7 receptor by a subpopulation of human osteoblasts.	2001-05	11341329
Spatial distribution of vital and dead microorganisms in dental biofilms.	2001-05	11286812
Ceramide reduces endothelium-dependent vasodilation by increasing superoxide production in small bovine coronary arteries.	2001-04-27	11325875
Mechanism of cyclosporin-induced inhibition of intracellular collagen degradation.	2001-04-27	11278659
Capillary electrophoresis as a method to study DNA reassociation.	2001-04-21	11312713
A single carboxyl mutant of the multidrug transporter EmrE is fully functional.	2001-04-20	11278804
Analytical characterization of the conformational transitions of polynucleotides by means of different molecular spectroscopies and multivariate curve resolution.	2001-04-01	11262150
Effect of dyskinetoplastic agents on ultrastructure and oxidative phosphorylation in Crithidia fasciculata.	2001-04	11387876
Microvascular endothelial cell death and rarefaction in the glucocorticoid-induced hypertensive rat.	2001-04	11379792
Sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to tannic acid is due to iron deprivation.	2001-04	11358167
Precious things come in little packages.	2001-04	11321568
Viewing of complex molecules of ethidium bromide and plasmid DNA in solution by atomic force microscopy.	2001-04	11310667
Ca2+ signalling and changes of mitochondrial function during low-Mg2+-induced epileptiform activity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.	2001-04	11298791
Toxicity of natural tear substitutes in a fully defined culture model of human corneal epithelial cells.	2001-04	11274071
[Molecular diagnosis of fragile X syndrome with polymerase chain reaction: application of a diagnostic protocol in 50 families from northern Spain].	2001-04	11273816
Serum constituents can affect 2'-& 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP potency at P2X(7) receptors.	2001-04	11264244
Search for mitochondrial A3243G tRNA(Leu) mutation in Polish patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2001-03-21	11257730
p53 regulates ceramide formation by neutral sphingomyelinase through reactive oxygen species in human glioma cells.	2001-03-15	11313880
Surface-enhanced Raman spectra study of metal complexes of N-D-glucosamine beta-naphthaldehyde and glycine and their interaction with DNA.	2001-03-01	11300567
Factors affecting quantitation of DNA bands in gels using a charge-coupled device imaging system.	2001-03	11332753
Counterion-dye staining method for DNA in agarose gels using crystal violet and methyl orange.	2001-03	11332752
Characterization of P2 receptors in thymic epithelial cells.	2001-02	11292255
Detection of deoxyribonuclease I and II activities in Japanese quail oocytes.	2001-02	11273029
Green-light transilluminator for the detection without photodamage of proteins and DNA labeled with different fluorescent dyes.	2001-02	11258745
In vitro antimalarial activity of novel trifluoromethyl- and bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline derivatives.	2001-02	11258047
Binding mode of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and ethidium to poly(dG).poly(dC).poly(dC)(+) triplex and poly(dG).poly(dC) duplex.	2001-01-26	11342102
Mdr1b facilitates p53-mediated cell death and p53 is required for Mdr1b upregulation in vivo.	2001-01-18	11313959
Hydration changes for DNA intercalation reactions.	2001-01-10	11273594
A limited loss of DNA compaction accompanying the release of cytoplasm from cells of Escherichia coli.	2001-01	11356066
DNA endoreplication in the clustered supramedullary neurons of the pufferfish Diodon holacanthus L. (osteichthyes).	2001-01	11352402
Effect of cyclosporin A on nitric oxide production in cultured LLC-PK1 cells.	2001-01	11256528
Cytochrome P450 2E1 polymorphism and nasopharyngeal carcinoma development in Thailand: a correlative study.	2001	11389775
Formation of viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) of Aeromonas hydrophila and its virulence in goldfish, Carassius auratus.	2001	11372646
[Study of the structural and structure-functional subdomains in the interphase nucleus by photostabilization].	2001	11347467
Atypical Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) presenting as a perforated corneal ulcer with a large infiltrate in a contact lens wearer: multinucleated giant cells in the Giemsa smear offered a clue to the diagnosis.	2001	11325340
The relationship of the factor V Leiden mutation or the deletion-deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme to postoperative thromboembolic events following total joint arthroplasty.	2001	11311153
Polymorphisms in the Mn-SOD and EC-SOD genes and their relationship to diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus.	2001	11299047
A tandem repeats database for bacterial genomes: application to the genotyping of Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis.	2001	11299044
Rotational dynamics of curved DNA fragments studied by fluorescence polarization anisotropy.	2001	11288835
Coordinate regulation of RARgamma2, TBP, and TAFII135 by targeted proteolysis during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells.	2001	11285139
Effect of graded hypoxia on cerebral cortical genomic DNA fragmentation in newborn piglets.	2001	11275649

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

To investigate trypanocide activity, the drug in 1% or 2% aqueous solutions at a dose of 1 mg/kg was injected subcutaneously on the side of the thorax above the elbow, using cattle of the Shorthorn zebu type.

Route of Administration: Other

In Vitro Use Guide

The dye is usually incorporated into the gel and the electrophoresis buffer at 0.5 µg/ml. Note: Electrophoresis mobility of linear double-stranded DNA is reduced by approximately 15% in the presence of the dye. To stain after gel has been run, immerse gel in electrophoresis buffer or water containing EtBr (0.5 µg/ml) for 30-45 minutes at room temperature. Destaining is optional. Detection of very small amounts (<10 ng) of DNA is made easier if the background fluorescence caused by unbound EtBr is reduced by soaking the stained gel in water or 1 mM MgSO4 for 20 minutes at room temperature.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:16:07 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:16:07 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	EN464416SI
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

RD-1572

Preferred Name

English

HOMIDIUM

Common Name

English

HOMIDIUM CATION

Common Name

English

HOMIDIUM [MI]

Common Name

English

2,7-DIAMINO-9-PHENYL-10-ETHYLPHENANTHRIDINIUM

Systematic Name

English

HOMIDIUM ION

Common Name

English

ETHIDIUM

Common Name

English

2,7-DIAMINO-10-ETHYL-9-PHENYLPHENANTHRIDINIUM

Systematic Name

English

NOVIDIUM

Common Name

English

3,8-DIAMINO-5-ETHYL-6-PHENYLPHENANTHRIDINIUM

Systematic Name

English

BABIDIUM

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

WHO-VATC

QP51AX06