Propylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate that reacts with amines to form carbamates, undergoes hydroxy alkylation and transesterification. It can be used as an isocyanate and unsaturated polyester resin cleanup solvent, viscosity reducer in coatings, CO2 extraction solvent, electrolyte in lithium batteries, polar additive for clay gellants, foundry binder catalyst, and textile dye carrier and cleaner. In cosmetics and personal care products, Propylene Carbonate is used in the formulation of makeup, primarily lipstick, eye shadow, and mascara, as well as in skin cleansing products.

Tetrofosmin is a phosphor-organic compound, belonging to the group of diphosphines. Tetrofosmin is used as a component of a Technetium (99mTc) tetrofosmin complex. Due to the relatively short half-life of Tc99m (6 hours), just before the administration, the solution of tetrofosmin should be reconstituted with Tc99m pertechnetate to form a complex of Tc99m Tetrofosmin. When administered intravenously, Tc99m Tetrofosmin shows rapid myocardial uptake and its distribution follows a linear relationship with coronary blood flow. It is taken up by the mitochondria of myocardial cells by passive diffusion and appears to accumulate in viable myocardial tissue. Tc99m Tetrofosmin is used as a diagnostic agent used to assess areas of reversible myocardial ischemia in the presence or absence of infracted myocardium and is also used to assess ventricular function.

Creatinine is a product of metabolism of creatine phosphate, a molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of a brain and skeletal muscle. Creatinine is excreted by kidneys with little or no reabsorption. Serum creatinine is the most commonly used indicator of renal function.

Propylene glycol diacetate (PGDA) is a colorless low-viscosity solvent with a slight ether-like odor. The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) manufactures and sells PGDA and other propylene oxide-based glycol ethers under the trade name DOWANOL Glycol Ethers. Propylene glycol diacetate may be used as an emulsifier, solubilizer or solvent in pharmaceuticals.

Silicon is a trace element that resembles carbon and can form silicon-carbon as well as silicon-oxygen, silicon-hydrogen and silicon-nitrogen bonds. It may have a role in a number of areas of human physiology and metabolism, especially bone and connective tissue formation, but possibly also gene expression and cardiovascular health. The exact biological role(s) of silicon in bone health is still not clear, although a number of possible mechanisms have been suggested, including the synthesis of collagen and/or its stabilization, and matrix mineralization. Silicone-based products are widely used in the management of hypertrophic scarring and keloids. The mechanism of action of silicone therapy has not been completely determined but is likely to involve occlusion and hydration of the stratum corneum with subsequent cytokine-mediated signaling from keratinocytes to dermal fibroblasts.

HYDROXYETHYLPIPERAZINE ETHANE SULFONIC ACID (wider known as HEPES), a zwitterionic buffering agent, is one of the best all-purpose buffers available for use in biological research. HEPES is most effective as a buffer at pH 6.0 to 8.5. It was shown that HEPES could be taken into account as simple and efficient reagent for promoting protein transfection and intracellular targeting and had the potential for myriad clinical applications.

Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat soluble vitamin C ester. An ester is simply a compound formed by the combination of an organic acid and an alcohol – in this case it is ascorbic acid and palmitic acid (a fat – which is composed of fatty acids and glycerol - an alcohol). Therefore, ascorbyl palmitate is formed by the esterification of ascorbic acid with palmitic acid to form vitamin C ester. Ascorbyl palmitate is an amphipathic molecule, meaning one end is water-soluble and the other end is fat-soluble. This dual solubility allows it to be incorporated into cell membranes. When incorporated into the cell membranes of human red blood cells, ascorbyl palmitate has been found to protect them from oxidative damage and to protect alpha-tocopherol (a fat-soluble antioxidant) from oxidation by free radicals. Basically, the fat-soluble aspect of ascorbyl palmitate extends vitamin C free radical protection into the fat parts of the body. However, the protective effects of ascorbyl palmitate on cell membranes have only been demonstrated in the test tube (in vitro). Taking ascorbyl palmitate orally may not result in any significant incorporation into cell membranes because most of it appears to be hydrolyzed (broken apart into palmitate and ascorbic acid) in the human digestive tract before it is absorbed. The ascorbic acid released by the hydrolysis of ascorbyl palmitate appears to be as bioavailable as ascorbic acid alone. The presence of ascorbyl palmitate in oral supplements contributes to the ascorbic acid content of the supplement and probably helps protect fat-soluble antioxidants in the supplement. This is also true for food products. Ascorbyl palmitate is used to increase the shelf life of vegetable oils and potato chips. The role of vitamin C in promoting collagen synthesis and its antioxidant properties have generated interest in its use on the skin. Ascorbyl palmitate is frequently used in topical preparations because it is more stable than some aqueous (water-soluble) forms of vitamin C. It is also suggested that this form of vitamin C is better able to penetrate the skin and the thin membrane of cells (due to its dual solubility), which can then go on to help produce collagen and elastin.

Dichlorobenzyl alcohol has broad-spectrum activity as an antimicrobial agent and is used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Dichlorobenzyl alcohol has antimicrobial effect against 115 strains of dental plaque. Dichlorobenzyl alcohol inhibited growth of microorganisms but showed highest activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans and Por. gingivalis, organisms related to juvenile and destructive forms of periodontitis. It is a common ingredient in throat lozenges such as Neo angin, Strepsils, Lorsept, and Gorpils. A throat lozenge containing amyl meta cresol and dichlorobenzyl alcohol has a direct virucidal effect on respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

Diethylhexyl phthalate (Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP), the most frequently occurring plasticiser in medical equipment manufactured from polymers of vinyl chloride, forms about 40% w/w of tubes and containers used for storing blood and for haemodialysis. The plasticiser leaches out into liquids with lipid contents, although it is very sparingly soluble in purely aqueous solutions. On infusion of 2-3 1 of stored blood, up to 200 mg DEHP may be transferred to the patient, while much higher quantities may be given during dialysis, which is moreover often repeated frequently over long periods. The acute toxicity of DEHP is very low (greater than 20 g/kg as LD50 in rats), and the ester is rapidly metabolised to products which are excreted in the urine and bile; chronic toxicity from the levels of dosage obtaining is thus very improbable. Carcenogenicity has never been demonstrable in animals, while teratological effects are of a very low order. The uses of DEHP fall into two major categories: polymer uses (e.g. consumer products such as footwear, shower curtains and toys, medical devices and commercial/industrial uses) and non-polymer uses (e.g. dielectric fluids, paints, adhesives and inks). Non-polymer uses represent less than 5% of the total DEHP used in the USA. Approximately 45% of total consumption of DEHP in the USA is for plasticizing various industrial and commercial products. Industrial and commercial uses of DEHP include resilient flooring, wall covering, roofing, aluminium foil coating/laminating, paper coating, extrudable moulds and profiles, electronic component parts, and wire and cable coating and jacketing. Medical devices comprise approximately 25% of total manufacturing use of DEHP in the USA. Medical devices that contain DEHP include PVC sheet materials such as intravenous bags, and tubing used in a variety of medical applications.

Dichlorofluoromethane is a colorless heavy gas that is used as a refrigerant, solvent, propellant and heat-exchange fluid. It is also referred to as CFC-21 but has fewer uses than other chlorofluorocarbons. Inhalation of dichlorofluoromethane can cause confusion, drowsiness, and unconsciousness; and direct contact with skin can cause frostbite.