Oleyl alcohol (also octadecenol or cis-9-octadecen-1-ol) is a non-ionic, unsaturated fatty alcohol. Oleyl alcohol is a long-chain aliphatic alcohol that occurs naturally in fish oils. It is used in such large-scale applications as the softening and lubrication of textile fabrics, and the production of carbon paper, stencil paper, and printing ink. Oleyl alcohol is also utilized as an antifoam agent and cutting lubricant. It also is a precursor for the preparation of its sulfuric ester derivatives, which are used in detergents and wetting agents. Oleyl alcohol has been incorporated into various formulations for drug delivery. Oleyl alcohol is found in a wide variety of products such as hair conditioners, foundations, eye makeup, skin moisturizers, skin cleansers and other skin care products. Oleyl alcohol helps to form emulsions and prevents an emulsion from separating into its oil and liquid components. It also reduces the tendency of finished products to generate foam when shaken. When used in the formulation of skin care products, Oleyl alcohol acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft, smooth appearance.

Trichlorofluoromethane, also known as freon-11, was used as propellant and refrigerant. Its production was banned because of the destroying of the ozone layer and contribution to the formation of the so-called ozone hole. Today, trichlorofluoromethane is obtained during recycling processes of waste cooling devices, traded on the black market, and according to recent findings still illegally manufactured.

Aspartame (l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester) known to the public as NutraSweet has been the subject of controversy since it first became an ingredient in food products. The perceived sweetness of aspartame in humans is due to its binding of the heterodimer G-protein coupled receptor formed by the proteins TAS1R2 and TAS1R3. Aspartame was used in experiments on animals to study its role in delays of osteoarthritis. It was shown, that aspartame improved bone cortical density and muscle mass, and might contribute to a better quality of life for these diseased animals. In addition, was investigated the effect in patients with sickle cell anemia. It was revealed, that oral administration of aspartame lead inhibition of sickle cells. That effect was explained by binding aspartame with two human Bence Jones proteins: Mcg and Sea. Thus was suggested, that aspartame could interfere with sickle hemoglobin fibril formation. Then several studies showed that aspartame had no effect on the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin.

Galactose, a monosaccharide sugar, is a key source of energy and is an important compound for early human development. Galactose is present in dairy products, the pectin of some fruits, vegetables, and some herbs. Children get most of their dietary galactose from milk. D-galactose is freely available in health food stores and is promoted for stimulating the immune system and improving gut motility in healthy individuals. Galactose as a part of food supplement participates in phase II of clinical trials for congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) patients. CDG is a group of more than 130 inborn errors of metabolism affecting N-linked, O-linked protein and lipid-linked glycosylation. In addition, monosaccharide is used in clinical trials phase I in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), where the galactose lowers the level of a circulating factors that increase glomerular permeability to albumin in patients with resistant FSGS.

Maltose, a disaccharide, is found mainly in grains and cereals. Nutritionally, maltose provides the same number of calories as starches and other sugars. Maltose can be the agent responsible for the primary signals to induce the sensations of hunger and satiation in human beings. It was shown, that parenterally administered maltose could be of clinical value.

Benzenesulfonic acid (conjugate base benzenesulfonate) is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid, that is soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene and insoluble in nonpolar solvents like diethyl ether. Benzenesulfonic acid was first obtained, together with diphenyl sulfone, by E. MITSCHERLICH in 1834 by heating benzene with fuming sulfuric acid. The industrially important reaction of benzenesulfonic acid with alkali hydroxide to form phenol (alkali fusion) was developed by A. WURTZ and A. KEKUL_e in 1867 and by P. O. DEGENER in 1878. Until the early 1960s benzenesulfonic acid was used chiefly in the manufacture of phenol. Benzenesulfonic acid has the characteristic reactions of a strong aromatic sulfonic acid. Acid hydrolysis at 175 C splits it into benzene and sulfuric acid. Additional sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid gives 1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid, which reacts further to 1,3,5-benzenetrisulfonic acid, and also diphenyl sulfone disulfonic acid. Benzenesulfonic acid is used as an acid catalyst. The sodium salt is used to standardize dyes. A variety of pharmaceutical drugs are prepared as benzenesulfonate salts and are known as besilates (INN) or besylates (USAN).

Sodium myristate is the sodium salt of myristic acid. It is used in the food as the binder, emulsifier and anticaking agent. It is one of the commonly occurring soaps. It is used in cosmetic as a cleansing and emulsifying agent.

Isopropyl Stearate is an ester of isopropyl alcohol and stearic acid that used as binder, emollient, and moisturizer in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Stearate esters act primarily as lubricants on the skin's surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. Isopropyl Stearate has the unique properties of low viscosity and oily nature, which results in a nongreasy, hydrophobic film when applied to the skin or lips. Undiluted Isopropyl Stearate was classified as a slight ocular irritant.

Methyl chloride, also called chloromethane, mainly is used as a refrigerant. It’s known, that methyl chloride permeates through human epidermis when exposed at high atmospheric concentrations within relatively short timeframes. Recently published article has shown that chlorinated methyl group could be formed in humans, that might be an important target compound in future medical diagnostic programs.

Phenethyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol, is an aromatic alcohol with a rosy scent. It is widely used in the food, fragrance, and cosmetic industries. It is used in the formulation of eye area makeup, skin care products, shampoos, perfumes, and colognes. Promising sources of natural 2-phenylethanol are microorganisms, especially yeasts, which can produce it by biosynthesis and biotransformation.