Ethopabate is a veterinary drug used in the prophylaxis and treatment of coccidiosis in chickens. It is an arylamide containing one phenyl ring, belonging to monocyclic aromatics, is a very safe drug. It has anticoccidial activity especially against intestinal forms and lacks activity against E. tenella of caecal worms. This drug is a competitor of PABA for absorption by the parasite and interferes with folate synthesis. It has good activity against E. acervulina and some strains of E. maxima and E. brunette. It has been used only in combination with Amprolium first at 4 ppm and later at 40 ppm. This drug has peak activity on 4th day of cycle. Ethopabate is a component of marketed AMPROL PLUS (amprolium, ethopabate), indicated for use as an aid in the prevention of coccidiosis (1) in broiler chickens and (2) in replacement chickens where immunity to coccidiosis is not desired.

Nequinate is an aid in the prevention of coccidiosis caused by E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. brunetti, and E. mivati.

Famphur is an insecticide and antihelmenthic. Famphur is approved in cattle as a pour-on (NADA 34-697; 21 CFR 524.900) and as medicated feed (NADA 34-266; 21 CFR 558.254). It is a component of the FDA-approved TRAMISOL X-TRA Combination Paste, used for the treatment of cattle infected with the following parasites: Stomach worms (Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia), intestinal worms (Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus, Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum), lungworms (Dictyocaulus), cattle grubs (Hypoderma), biting lice (Bovicola), and sucking lice (Linognathus, Solenoptes). Famphur is a cholinesterase-inhibiting drug.

Haloxon is an organophosphorus anthelmintic once used against nematodes of the abomasum and small intestine in ruminants. Haloxon is an organophosphorus cholinesterase antagonist. Laboratory and field trials with 7-day-old, 14-day-old and adult infections of the common gastrointestinal nematodes in 600 sheep showed that Haloxon at a dose rate of 30 to 55 mg. per kg. body-weight was a very highly efficient anthelrnintic. The drug was particularly effective against all stages of Haemonchus contenus, Trichostrongylus spp. and Coopería curticei; it was more active against adult than against larval Ostertagia spp" and Nematodirus spp. High activity was also reported against Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigono-cephalum and Oesophagostomum venulosumum but not against Trichuris avis nor Chabertia ovina.

Dipyrone, also known as Metamizole (INN), is an ampyrone sulfonate analgesic, antispasmodic and antipyretic. It was withdrawn from US market in 1977 on the basis of reports of agranulocytosis. Depyrone is still used to treat severe and diffucult for relieving pains of different origin; headache, tooth-ache, pains in the joints, muscles, following traumas and operations, gall and kidney colics, neurites, neuralgias, traumatic cerebrasthenia; inflammation of upper respiratory ways of microbial or virus origin; chorea; febrile states. Mechanism of action of dipyrone is complex. It is believed that dipyrone exerts its action by inhibiting COX-3, and activates opioid and cannabioid systems either itself, or by products of its metabolic degradation.

Octyl nitrite is a clear light-colored liquid. May be toxic by ingestion. May severely irritate skin upon contact. Octyl nitrite (2-ethyl-n-hexyl-1-nitrite) is a liquid nitrite of one of the higher alcohols which, because of its volatility, can be administered by inhalation. Krantz, Carr, and Forman, who first prepared this substance, state that in laboratory animals it produces a fall in systemic blood pressure and an increase in the coronary blood flow; it dilates isolated coronary artery rings, and, in normal men, the inhalation of large doses (0.2 c.c. for one minute) produces a moderate fall in blood pressure, together with a moderate increase in heart rate. Octyl nitrite proved to be effective in treatment of Angina pectoris. This was shown objectively, not only by an increased ability to work after inhalation of the drug, but also by a definite decrease in the duration of the attacks in some cases. Furthermore, this drug, like others which are effective in angina pectoris, prevents the development of the electrocardiographic changes which ordinarily occur on exertion in patients with angina. Octyl nitrite is apparently similar in its action to nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite, and it has all of their advantages and disadvantages. It differs from nitroglycerin primarily in that, being volatile, it can be administered by inhalation. The Food and Drug Administration finds that "coronary vasodilators" (Octyl nitrite) are extensively regarded by physicians as safe and useful as employed under medical supervision for the management of angina pectoris in some patients. The Food and Drug Administration also finds that there is neither substantial evidence of effectiveness nor a general recognition by qualified experts that such drugs are effective for any of the other purposes for which some such drugs are promoted to the medical profession in labeling and advertising. In particular, neither clinical investigations nor clinical experience justify any representations that such drugs are effective in the management of hypertension; in the management of coronary insufficiency or coronary artery disease, except for their anginal manifestations; or in the management of the post coronary state, except angina pectoris present after coronary occlusion and myocardial infarction.

METHOPHOLINE, an isoquinoline derivative, is an opioid analgesic drug. Its (R)-enatiomer is approximately six times more potent than codeine, and (S)-enantiomer is inactive. METHOPHOLINE was withdrawn from the market for reasons of safety.

Androstenedione (Δ4-Androstenedione, 4-androstene-3,17-dione or 17-ketotestosterone) is an endogenous androgen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). In turn, Androstenedione is also a precursor of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrogens such as estradiol and estrone, and the neurosteroid 3α-androstanediol. Androstenedione is used to increase the production of the hormone testosterone to enhance athletic performance, increase energy, keep red blood cells healthy, enhance recovery and growth from exercise, and increase sexual desire and performance. Androstenedione has been shown to increase serum testosterone levels over an eight-hour period in men when taken as a single oral dose of 300 mg per day, but a dose of 100 mg had no significant effect on serum testosterone. However, serum levels of estradiol increased following both the 100 mg and 300 mg doses. The study also reported that the serum level of estrogens and testosterone produced varied widely among individuals. Androstenedione is currently used as a nutritional supplement to grow bigger muscles and stronger bones. This implies that androstenedione may have anabolic properties. Even though it has not been convincingly demonstrated yet that androstenedione is an anabolic steroid, its anabolic properties are likely based on its proven ability to increase testosterone levels. The role of testosterone in building stronger muscles and bones is widely accepted. Thus, high doses of testosterone-boosting drugs combined with strength training have been shown to increase muscle size and strength even in normal young men. This confirms what thousands of athletes who take anabolic steroids have known for decades. Yet androstenedione is different from testosterone-boosting drugs in a number of important aspects. To begin with, androstenedione is a naturally occurring substance that is produced by the body itself. In contrast to synthetic anabolic steroids, androstenedione is right at home in the human body, and perfectly complements the complex hormonal network in the body. Information about possible side effects and risks of androstenedione is very limited. Also, recent studies show that the drug's actions don't support manufacturer's claims. While a few individuals have shown increased levels of testosterone, most failed to achieve increases in blood testosterone levels. Initial medical research has raised concerns about this supplement's safety. Doctors worry that androstenedione may increase the risk of heart disease or liver cancer. In addition, research also associates androstenedione use with increases in estradiol, a female estrogen.

Coumaphos is an organophosphate insecticide used against ectoparasites. It was approved by FDA for the control of gastrointestinal roundworms in cattle (Purina brand name). It was also used in medicated feed against internal parasites (Ascaidia galli, Capilleria obsignata and Heterakis gallinarum) in layer chickens (Meldane brand name). However, coumaphos is highly toxic to birds. Sever acute toxicity and eventual death were caused in hens after they were given oral doses of 10mg/kg for 1-8 days.The oral LD50 for coumaphos is 3mg/kg in wildbirds, 29.4mg/kg in mallard ducks, 7.94mg/kg in pheasants and 14mg/kg in chicken. Due to its toxicity, coumaphos is no longer available as a drug.

Histidine racemate is a mixture of naturally occurring essential amino acid L-histidine and its enantiomer D-histidine. D-histidine is less readily utilized than the natural isomer. It is not metabolized by histidase and is not readily oxidized by D-amino acid oxidase. Some fungi incorporate D-histidine into proteins as a measure of protection against hydrolases and to enhance antimicrobial activity.