Fluspirilene, a neuroleptic drug, which is used clinically to treat schizophrenic patients, by blocking of dopamine receptors, especially the dopamine D2 receptors. Fluspirilene also displays calcium channel-blocking activity; it inhibits glutamate release primarily by reducing presynaptic Ca2+ influx via N-type Ca2+ channels that also may contribute to the antischizophrenic action of the drug. Recently in the frame of a project of drugs repositioning, fluspirilene was studied as an anti-cancer drug. It was found, that fluspirilene demonstrates a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells. Thus, it can be a promising drug for the treatment of glioblastoma. In addition, fluspirilene, as a potential cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor, was investigated in animal models for the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Taken into account that fluspirilene has a long history of safe human use, the drug can be applicable in clinical therapy for cancer’s disease immediately.

Opipramol (Insidon, Pramolan, Ensidon, Oprimol) is an antidepressant and anxiolytic used in Germany and other European countries. Although it is a member of the tricyclic antidepressants, opipramol's primary mechanism of action is much different in comparison, it doesn’t represent a tricyclic antidepressant drug as it does not inhibit the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and/or serotonin. Opipramol also acts as a low to moderate affinity antagonist for the D2, 5-HT2, H1, H2, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. H1 and H2 receptor antagonism account for its antihistamine effects, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism is responsible for its anticholinergic properties. Opipramol was developed by Schindler and Blattner in 1961. Opipramol is typically used in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and somatoform disorders. Its anxiolysis becomes prominent after only one to two weeks of chronic administration. Upon first commencing treatment, opipramol is rather sedating in nature due to its antihistamine properties, but this effect becomes less prominent with time. The therapy with Opipramol indicates an additional therapy with neuroleptics, hypnotics and tranquilizers (e.g. Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines). Therefore, it should be noted that some specific reactions, particularly CNS depressant effects could be intensified and an intensification of common side effects may occur. If necessary the dosage may be reduced. Co-administration with alcohol can cause stupor. MAO Inhibitors should be discontinued at least 14 days before the treatment with Opipramol. Concomitant use of Opipramol with β-blockers, antiarrhythmics (of class 1c), as well as drugs from tricyclic antidepressant group and preparations which influence the microsomal enzyme system, can lead to change in plasma concentration of these drugs. Co-administration of neuroleptics (example- haloperidol, risperidone) can increase the plasma concentration.

Pipamperone (INN, USAN, BAN), also known as Carpiperone and Floropipamide or Fluoropipamide, and as Floropipamide hydrochloride (JAN), is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone family used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is or has been marketed under brand names including Dipiperon, Dipiperal, Piperonil, Piperonyl, and Propitan. Pipamperone acts as an antagonist of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C D2, D3, D4, α1-adrenergic, and α2-adrenergic receptors. It shows the much higher affinity for the 5-HT2A and D4 receptors over the D2receptor (15-fold in the case of the D4 receptor, and even higher in the case of the 5-HT2A receptor), is regarded as "highly selective" for the former two sites at low doses. Pipamperone has low and likely insignificant affinity for the H1 and mACh receptors, as well as for other serotonin and dopamine receptors. Low-dose pipamperone (5 mg twice daily) has been found to accelerate and enhance the antidepressant effect of citalopram. Pipamperone is approved in some European countries. At its usually recommended antipsychotic dose (120–360 mg/d), it has relatively weak neuroleptic activity because it is only moderately effective as a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, even at high doses.

Hexapropymate, a hypnotic/sedative drug that was available without prescription in Belgium under the trade name Merinax for the treatment of insomnia. Poisoning with hexapropymate was a serious condition that required symptomatic treatment in the intensive care unit. As a result, the drug was substituted by newer agents with improved safety profiles.

Aniracetam is a nootropic drug. It behaves as a positive modulator of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptors. Aniracetam is clinically used in patients with mild to moderate senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. In Japan, the drug was prescribed for eight years to treat emotional disturbances, such as depressed mood and anxiety/agitation, but not memory impairment following cerebral infarction. Aniracetam (Draganon®) has been withdrawn from the Japanese market because of the unexpected failure in the latest placebo-controlled double-blind study. Animal studies demonstrated that aniracetam has clinical potential in personality disorders, anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and sleep disorders.

Oxiracetam (ISF 2522) is a water-soluble ampakine of the nootropic racetam chemical class. Oxiracetam is a positive AMPA modulator similar in mechanism and potency (but not the binding site) to both piracetam and aniracetam but may have an additional benefit of increasing glutamate, acetylcholine, and D-aspartic acid release from activated but not resting neurons. Oxiracetam has been proved as an efficient memory enhancer if taken consistently. Additionally, studies have revealed positive impacts on demented patients in the long term. Thus, the drug enhances an overall quality of life of patients suffering from ADHD, dementia, and other neurological problems. Oxiracetam is one of the most popular nootropics, well known and highly regarded for its outstanding cognitive enhancement properties and mild stimulant capability. It has also been proven to be safe and well tolerated even at high dosages, and its moderate cost, ready availability and “stackability” make it a must-have for many nootropic users.

Melitracen (HCl) is a tricyclic antidepressant with actions and effects similar to amitriptyline.Melitracen (HCl) is given orally in the treatment of depression. It should be withdrawn gradually to reduce the risk of withdrawl symptoms. Melitracen (HCl) is primarily indicated in conditions like Anxiety, Asthenia, Depression, gastro-intestinal disorders associated with anxiety and agitation. Melitracen is marketed in Europe and Japan by Lundbeck and Takeda, respectively, for the treatment of depression and anxiety. In addition to single drug preparations, it is also available as Deanxit, a combination product containing both melitracen and flupentixol. The way this drug works hasn’t been thoroughly researched, but some hypothesize that it may work similarly to the drugs Imipramine and Amitriptyline. In comparison to older TCAs, this drug is thought to work more quickly with more favorable side effects.

Dimetacrine is a tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in the treatment of depressive states. Dimetacrine usage associates with risk of cardiovascular side effects.

Piribedil is an antiparkinsonian agent which acts as D2 and D3 receptor agonist. In European countries and worldwide it is used as a monotherapy or in combination with dopatherapy for treatment of Parkinson's disease, cognitive impairment and obliterating arteriopathy.

Sulthiame is a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase II, VII, IX, and XII. Sulthiame is an antiepileptic drug that is used widely in some European countries and in Israel. Sometimes it is used as an additional (add-on) antiepileptic medicine in non responders, alongside an existing antiepileptic medicine.