Tiquizium is an antispasmodic agent used to treat disorders of the gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary systems. Tiquizium is available commercially in Japan for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease. Tiquizium shows anti-muscarinic action to improve convulsion and hypermobility of intestinal smooth muscle. It is usually used to treat convulsion and hypermobility in gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, enteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, gallbladder disease, biliary tract disease and urolithiasis.

Metizoline is an adrenergic agent with vasoconstrictor properties. It has been used as the active component of nasal decongestant spray (Ellsyl).

Medifoxamine, an antidepressive drug, preferentially inhibits dopamine reuptake. It was marketed in France, but because of the hepatotoxicity, then was withdrawn.

Chlorbenzoxamine is an antimuscarinic agent used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and other functional gastrointestinal disorders. Chlorbenzoxamine, a structural analog of hydroxyzine, produces a unique antagonism of gastric ulceration induced in rats and dogs by various procedures. This effect is not accompanied by a significant gastric secretory depression or a reduction in gastric acid concentration. Chlorbenzoxamine does not show anticholinergic or antihistaminic activity in vitro but does produce a nonspecific depression of isolated smooth muscle. The antiulcer effect of chlorbenzoxamine in rats is abolished by hypophysectomy suggesting a central or endocrine mechanism of action.

Azasetron is an antiemetic drug. It acts as serotonin 3 receptor antagonist. It is currently used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy (including cisplatin chemotherapy). Also it was demonstrated that azasetron has potent antimitogenic and apoptotic effect on cancer cell line. It was preclinically tested to treat cocaine abuse.

Fenpiprane is a compound with antiallergic and antispasmodic activities. It is used in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Fentonium is an anticholinergic, antispasmodic and anti-ulcerogenic agent. It is quaternary analog of hyoscyamine, is a blocker of muscarinic activity and an allosteric blocker of α12βγε nicotinic receptors. It increases the spontaneous release of acetylcholine at the motor endplate without depolarizing the muscle or inhibiting cholinesterase activity. Fentonium inhibited transmitter release and depressed twitch without changing the responsiveness to noradrenaline or ATP. It is a K(+)-channel opener. Administration of fentonium bromide in rats receiving naloxone after chronic morphine treatment reduced the intensity of withdrawal signs such as increased defecation or micturition, salivation and wet-dog shakes, and elevated the nociceptive threshold values.

Propyromazine bromide is a quatemary ammonium with muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonistic activity. This antimuscarinic agent with peripheral effects similar to those of atropine is given in the symptomatic treatment of visceral spasm.

Pyritinol is a semi natural analogue of water soluble vitamin B6. Pyritinol was synthetized way back in 1961 by Merck Laboratories. After years of research, it entered the market in the 1970s, where it was used for clinical applications – including treating stroke patients and those with Alzheimer’s. Since the 1990s, it has been sold as a nootropic dietary supplement in the United States and many other parts of the world. Pyritinol, unlike many other nootropics, has been approved for use as a medical treatment in countries around the world. Doctors in many European countries use Pyritinol to treat patients with chronic degenerative brain disorders – like dementia. Countries where Pyritinol is an approved treatment include Austria, Germany, France, Greece, Italy, and Portugal. France has approved the use of Pyritinol – but only as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Pyritinol is not currently licensed for use in the United Kingdom, but in most other countries, it’s available online or through drug stores as an over the counter substance. Pyritinol is marketed under the brand names Encephabol, Encefabol and Cerbon 6. One of the known mechanisms of action of Pyritinol involves increasing choline uptake into your neurons and thereby increasing acetylcholine levels. Pyritinol is also a great effective precursor to dopamine, which is one of the neurotransmitter mood-boosters in the brain. Pyritinol has better conversion into the neurochemical. This drug increases dopamine, which can keep the brain from anxiety because a lower dopamine level is connected to mood disorders and depression.

Alniditan is a non-indole migraine-abortive agent. It is a benzopyran derivative The action of sumatriptan is thought to be mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1D-type receptors. Alniditan did not attenuate substance P-induced inflammation, suggesting that the mediating receptors are located prejunctionally. In vitro alniditan exhibited less vasoconstrictive effects on the rat basilar artery than did sumatriptan, although at a very high concentration, alniditan caused intensive constriction, most likely through a mechanism independent from 5-HT receptor activation. Alniditan dose dependently attenuated the neurogenic inflammation and was more potent than sumatriptan. Adverse effects are: head pressure, paraesthesia, and hot flushes.