Galactose, a monosaccharide sugar, is a key source of energy and is an important compound for early human development. Galactose is present in dairy products, the pectin of some fruits, vegetables, and some herbs. Children get most of their dietary galactose from milk. D-galactose is freely available in health food stores and is promoted for stimulating the immune system and improving gut motility in healthy individuals. Galactose as a part of food supplement participates in phase II of clinical trials for congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) patients. CDG is a group of more than 130 inborn errors of metabolism affecting N-linked, O-linked protein and lipid-linked glycosylation. In addition, monosaccharide is used in clinical trials phase I in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), where the galactose lowers the level of a circulating factors that increase glomerular permeability to albumin in patients with resistant FSGS.

Sodium myristate is the sodium salt of myristic acid. It is used in the food as the binder, emulsifier and anticaking agent. It is one of the commonly occurring soaps. It is used in cosmetic as a cleansing and emulsifying agent.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid, the principal constituent of refined palm oil, present in the diet and synthesized endogenously. Palmitic acid is able to activate the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40. Palmitic acid was also a weak ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Palmitic acid is a ligand of lipid chaperones - the fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs). Dietary palm oil and palmitic acid may play a role in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

It is known that Vitamin E, traditionally known as α¬ tocopherol, is a mixture of eight different compounds, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, each one being designated as α, β, γ and δ forms. The two groups differ in the hydrophobic tridecyl side chain which is saturated (phytyl) in tocopherols and unsaturated having three double bonds (geranyl) in tocotrienols. During the last few years, it has been found that all the eight forms are biologically active and perform specific functions. Clinical research has shown that mixture of tocotrienols and tocopherols offer synergistic protective action against heart ailments and cancer that is not exclusively offered by α¬tocopherol. The other advantage of mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols is their role in slowing down aging. Diseases like diabetes 1 and 2, autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral infections, Alzheimer disease, fungal (Candida) infections are prevented by these compounds. It helps in the maintenance of bones, muscles, eyes (vision), memory, sleep, lungs, infertility, skin and wrinkles. Although all forms of Vitamin E exhibit antioxidant activity, it is known that the antioxidant activity of vitamin E is not sufficient to explain the vitamin's biological activity. Vitamin E's anti-atherogenic activity involves the inhibition of the oxidation of LDL and the accumulation of oxLDL in the arterial wall. Vitamin E's antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities involves the downregulation of the expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 that lowers the adhesion of blood components to the endothelium. Its antioxidant effects explain the neuroprotective effects of vitamin E. The immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin E have been demonstrated in vitro, where alpha-tocopherol increases mitogenic response of T lymphocytes from aged mice. The mechanism of this response by vitamin E is not well understood, however it has been suggested that vitamin E itself may have mitogenic activity independent of its antioxidant activity. The mechanism of action of vitamin E's antiviral effects (primarily against HIV-1) involves its antioxidant activity. Vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, which is thought to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis, as well as to the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Vitamin E also affects membrane integrity and fluidity and, since HIV-1 is a membraned virus, altering membrane fluidity of HIV-1 may interfere with its ability to bind to cell-receptor sites, thus decreasing its infectivity.

Tocopherol (alpha tocopheryl nicotinate) is an ester of tocopherol and nicotinic acid. Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is sold commercially as the esterified form (alpha tocopheryl acetate, alpha tocopheryl succinate and alpha tocopheryl nicotinate). Alpha tocopheryl nicotinate has antioxidant and vasodilatory properties. It can be used as a mild warming agent, without producing the redness typical for nicotinic acid. Tocopherol (alpha tocopheryl nicotinate) has been available in Japan since 1967. Tocopherol under the brand name Juvela N is approved in Japan for the treatment of symptoms accompanying hypertension, hyperlipidemia, peripheral circulatory disturbance resulting from arteriosclerosis obliterans. Tocopherol has being shown to inhibit platelet aggregation.