It is known that Vitamin E, traditionally known as α¬ tocopherol, is a mixture of eight different compounds, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, each one being designated as α, β, γ and δ forms. The two groups differ in the hydrophobic tridecyl side chain which is saturated (phytyl) in tocopherols and unsaturated having three double bonds (geranyl) in tocotrienols. During the last few years, it has been found that all the eight forms are biologically active and perform specific functions. Clinical research has shown that mixture of tocotrienols and tocopherols offer synergistic protective action against heart ailments and cancer that is not exclusively offered by α¬tocopherol. The other advantage of mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols is their role in slowing down aging. Diseases like diabetes 1 and 2, autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral infections, Alzheimer disease, fungal (Candida) infections are prevented by these compounds. It helps in the maintenance of bones, muscles, eyes (vision), memory, sleep, lungs, infertility, skin and wrinkles. Although all forms of Vitamin E exhibit antioxidant activity, it is known that the antioxidant activity of vitamin E is not sufficient to explain the vitamin's biological activity. Vitamin E's anti-atherogenic activity involves the inhibition of the oxidation of LDL and the accumulation of oxLDL in the arterial wall. Vitamin E's antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities involves the downregulation of the expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 that lowers the adhesion of blood components to the endothelium. Its antioxidant effects explain the neuroprotective effects of vitamin E. The immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin E have been demonstrated in vitro, where alpha-tocopherol increases mitogenic response of T lymphocytes from aged mice. The mechanism of this response by vitamin E is not well understood, however it has been suggested that vitamin E itself may have mitogenic activity independent of its antioxidant activity. The mechanism of action of vitamin E's antiviral effects (primarily against HIV-1) involves its antioxidant activity. Vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, which is thought to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis, as well as to the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Vitamin E also affects membrane integrity and fluidity and, since HIV-1 is a membraned virus, altering membrane fluidity of HIV-1 may interfere with its ability to bind to cell-receptor sites, thus decreasing its infectivity.
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: O94759 Gene ID: 7226.0 Gene Symbol: TRPM2 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23943124 |
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Target ID: P14174 Gene ID: 4282.0 Gene Symbol: MIF Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281490 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Inactive ingredient | REVERSE IT KIT Approved UseSUNSCREEN Launch Date2014 |
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Palliative | M.V.I. PEDIATRIC Approved UseThis formulation is indicated as daily multivitamin maintenance dosage for infants and children up to 11 years of age receiving parenteral nutrition. It is also indicated in other situations where administration by the intravenous route is required. Such situations include surgery, extensive burns, fractures and other trauma, severe infectious diseases, and comatose states, which may provoke a “stress” situation with profound alterations in the body’s metabolic demands and consequent tissue depletion of nutrients. The physician should not await the development of clinical signs of vitamin deficiency before initiating vitamin therapy. M.V.I. Pediatric (reconstituted and administered in intravenous fluids under proper dilution) contributes intake of these necessary vitamins toward maintaining the body’s normal resistance and repair processes. Patients with multiple vitamin deficiencies or with markedly increased requirements may be given multiples of the daily dosage for two or more days as indicated by the clinical status. Blood vitamin concentrations should be monitored to ensure maintenance of adequate levels, particularly in patients receiving parenteral multivitamins as their sole source of vitamins for long periods of time. Launch Date2000 |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Electrophysiologic recovery after vitamin E-deficient neuropathy. | 1999 Aug |
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Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds. | 2000 Jul |
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Hydroxyurea-induced oxidative damage of normal and sickle cell hemoglobins in vitro: amelioration by radical scavengers. | 2001 |
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Normobaric hyperoxic stress in budgerigars: non-enzymic antioxidants. | 2001 Feb |
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Ascorbic acid status and subsequent diastolic and systolic blood pressure. | 2001 Feb |
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Hyperlipidemia and reproductive failure in captive-reared alligators: vitamin E, vitamin A, plasma lipids, fatty acids, and steroid hormones. | 2001 Feb |
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Anesthetic concentrations of propofol protect against oxidative stress in primary astrocyte cultures: comparison with hypothermia. | 2001 Feb |
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Serum carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol and mortality risk in a prospective study among Dutch elderly. | 2001 Feb |
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Quantitative analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of deuterium-labeled and unlabeled vitamin E in biological samples. | 2001 Feb 1 |
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[Differences in plasma antioxidants according to socioeconomic level in Chilean women]. | 2001 Jan |
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Oxidative insult in sheep red blood cells induced by T-butyl hydroperoxide: the roles of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase. | 2001 Jan |
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Longitudinal vitamin and homocysteine levels in normal pregnancy. | 2001 Jan |
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Eicosanoid production, thrombogenic ratio, and serum and LDL peroxides in normo- and hypercholesterolaemic post-menopausal women consuming two oleic acid-rich diets with different content of minor components. | 2001 Jan |
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Scavenger receptor class B, type I is expressed in porcine brain capillary endothelial cells and contributes to selective uptake of HDL-associated vitamin E. | 2001 Jan |
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[Antioxidative effects of fluvastatin, and its major metabolites [II]]. | 2001 Jan |
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Intake of flavonols and flavones and risk of coronary heart disease in male smokers. | 2001 Jan |
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Oxidative stress in the aging rat heart is reversed by dietary supplementation with (R)-(alpha)-lipoic acid. | 2001 Mar |
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Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil does not increase overall oxidation of LDL ex vivo compared to dietary oils rich in oleate and linoleate. | 2001 Mar |
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Fiberoptic and conventional phototherapy effects on the skin of premature infants. | 2001 Mar |
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Fas/Fas ligand-mediated death pathway is involved in oxLDL-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. | 2001 Mar |
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No reduction of alpha-tocopherol quinone by glutathione in rat liver microsomes. | 2001 Mar 15 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
For vitamin E deficiency: a typical dose in adults is RRR-alpha tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 60-75 IU per day.
For the movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia: RRR-alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 1600 IU daily.
For improving male fertility: vitamin E 200-600 IU daily.
For Alzheimer's disease: up to 2000 IU daily. Combination therapy of donepezil (Aricept) 5 mg and vitamin E 1000 IU per day has been used for slowing memory decline in people with Alzheimer's disease.
For liver disease called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: 800 IU daily in adults has been used; 400-1200 IU daily has been used in children.
For early Huntington's chorea: RRR-alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 3000 IU.
For rheumatoid arthritis pain: vitamin E 600 IU twice daily.
For preventing nerve damage caused by cisplatin: vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 300 mg daily with each chemotherapy treatment and for up to 3 months after stopping cisplatin therapy.
For improving effectiveness of nitrates used for heart disease: vitamin E 200 mg three times daily.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28326458
Curator's Comment: In RAW264.7 cells, vitamin E-rich nanoemulsion significantly enhanced the secretion of Th1 cytokines and down-regulated the secretion of Th2 cytokine. In a co-culture system, vitamin E-rich nanoemulsion induced a high apoptosis rate in MDA-MB-231 cells as compared with vitamin E-low nanoemulsion.
Unknown
Substance Class |
Mixture
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
335111
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DSLD |
2421 (Number of products:1242)
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EU-Orphan Drug |
EU/3/17/1832
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LOINC |
14590-4
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74513-3
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30
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678719
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1823-4
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