It is known that Vitamin E, traditionally known as α¬ tocopherol, is a mixture of eight different compounds, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, each one being designated as α, β, γ and δ forms. The two groups differ in the hydrophobic tridecyl side chain which is saturated (phytyl) in tocopherols and unsaturated having three double bonds (geranyl) in tocotrienols. During the last few years, it has been found that all the eight forms are biologically active and perform specific functions. Clinical research has shown that mixture of tocotrienols and tocopherols offer synergistic protective action against heart ailments and cancer that is not exclusively offered by α¬tocopherol. The other advantage of mixed tocopherols and tocotrienols is their role in slowing down aging. Diseases like diabetes 1 and 2, autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral infections, Alzheimer disease, fungal (Candida) infections are prevented by these compounds. It helps in the maintenance of bones, muscles, eyes (vision), memory, sleep, lungs, infertility, skin and wrinkles. Although all forms of Vitamin E exhibit antioxidant activity, it is known that the antioxidant activity of vitamin E is not sufficient to explain the vitamin's biological activity. Vitamin E's anti-atherogenic activity involves the inhibition of the oxidation of LDL and the accumulation of oxLDL in the arterial wall. Vitamin E's antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities involves the downregulation of the expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 that lowers the adhesion of blood components to the endothelium. Its antioxidant effects explain the neuroprotective effects of vitamin E. The immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin E have been demonstrated in vitro, where alpha-tocopherol increases mitogenic response of T lymphocytes from aged mice. The mechanism of this response by vitamin E is not well understood, however it has been suggested that vitamin E itself may have mitogenic activity independent of its antioxidant activity. The mechanism of action of vitamin E's antiviral effects (primarily against HIV-1) involves its antioxidant activity. Vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, which is thought to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis, as well as to the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Vitamin E also affects membrane integrity and fluidity and, since HIV-1 is a membraned virus, altering membrane fluidity of HIV-1 may interfere with its ability to bind to cell-receptor sites, thus decreasing its infectivity.
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: O94759 Gene ID: 7226.0 Gene Symbol: TRPM2 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23943124 |
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Target ID: P14174 Gene ID: 4282.0 Gene Symbol: MIF Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281490 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Inactive ingredient | REVERSE IT KIT Approved UseSUNSCREEN Launch Date2014 |
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Palliative | M.V.I. PEDIATRIC Approved UseThis formulation is indicated as daily multivitamin maintenance dosage for infants and children up to 11 years of age receiving parenteral nutrition. It is also indicated in other situations where administration by the intravenous route is required. Such situations include surgery, extensive burns, fractures and other trauma, severe infectious diseases, and comatose states, which may provoke a “stress” situation with profound alterations in the body’s metabolic demands and consequent tissue depletion of nutrients. The physician should not await the development of clinical signs of vitamin deficiency before initiating vitamin therapy. M.V.I. Pediatric (reconstituted and administered in intravenous fluids under proper dilution) contributes intake of these necessary vitamins toward maintaining the body’s normal resistance and repair processes. Patients with multiple vitamin deficiencies or with markedly increased requirements may be given multiples of the daily dosage for two or more days as indicated by the clinical status. Blood vitamin concentrations should be monitored to ensure maintenance of adequate levels, particularly in patients receiving parenteral multivitamins as their sole source of vitamins for long periods of time. Launch Date2000 |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Increased atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice deficient in alpha -tocopherol transfer protein and vitamin E. | 2000 Dec 5 |
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Does vitamin E beneficially affect muscle pains during HMG-Co-enzyme-A-reductase inhibitors without CK-elevation? | 2000 Mar |
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Role of rat adrenal antioxidant defense systems in the aldosterone turn-off phenomenon. | 2000 May |
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The impact of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) on HDL metabolism. | 2001 Apr |
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Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C in control subjects from five European countries. | 2001 Feb |
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Acute effect of dietary stanyl ester dose on post-absorptive alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations. | 2001 Feb |
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Normobaric hyperoxic stress in budgerigars: non-enzymic antioxidants. | 2001 Feb |
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Hereditary vitamin-E deficiency. | 2001 Feb |
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Antioxidant effect of ethanol toward in vitro peroxidation of human low-density lipoproteins initiated by oxygen free radicals. | 2001 Feb |
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Correlates of serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in the Women's Health Initiative. | 2001 Feb |
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Antioxidants prevent gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane-induced inhibition of rat myometrial gap junctions and contractions. | 2001 Feb |
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Standard treatment of alpha-tocopherol in Alagille patients with severe cholestasis is insufficient. | 2001 Feb |
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Enhanced oxidative susceptibility and reduced antioxidant content of metabolic precursors of small, dense low-density lipoproteins. | 2001 Feb 1 |
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Quantitative analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of deuterium-labeled and unlabeled vitamin E in biological samples. | 2001 Feb 1 |
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The growth inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, is induced by a change in fatty acid metabolism, but not the facilitation of lipid peroxidation in the cells. | 2001 Feb 26 |
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[Differences in plasma antioxidants according to socioeconomic level in Chilean women]. | 2001 Jan |
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Cacao liquor polyphenols reduce oxidative stress without maintaining alpha-tocopherol levels in rats fed a vitamin E-deficient diet. | 2001 Jan |
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Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of urinary and plasma levels of N1-methylnicotinamide, an endogenous marker of renal cationic transport and plasma flow. | 2001 Jan |
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Gamma-linolenic acid and tocopherol contents in the seed oil of 47 accessions from several Ribes species. | 2001 Jan |
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Intake of flavonols and flavones and risk of coronary heart disease in male smokers. | 2001 Jan |
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Effects of alpha-tocopherol on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in guinea pigs. | 2001 Jan |
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Alpha-tocopherol succinate inhibits growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro. | 2001 Jan |
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Epinephrine upregulates superoxide dismutase in human coronary artery endothelial cells. | 2001 Jan 15 |
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alpha-Tocopherol inhibits human glutathione S-transferase pi. | 2001 Jan 26 |
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Impact of apoE deficiency on oxidative insults and antioxidant levels in the brain. | 2001 Jan 31 |
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Fanconi anemia lymphocytes: effect of DL-alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) on chromatid breaks and on G2 repair efficiency. | 2001 Jan 5 |
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DNA strand breakage and oxygen tension: effects of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. | 2001 Mar |
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Diazepam submicron emulsions containing soya-bean oil and intended for oral or rectal delivery. | 2001 Mar |
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Protection against nitrofurantoin-induced oxidative stress by coelenterazine analogues and their oxidation products in rat hepatocytes. | 2001 Mar |
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Oxidative stress in the aging rat heart is reversed by dietary supplementation with (R)-(alpha)-lipoic acid. | 2001 Mar |
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alpha-Tocopherol/lipid ratio in blood is decreased in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and asymptomatic carriers of the 11778 mtDNA mutation. | 2001 Mar |
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Fas/Fas ligand-mediated death pathway is involved in oxLDL-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. | 2001 Mar |
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t-Butyl hydroperoxide and oxidized low density lipoprotein enhance phospholipid hydrolysis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated retinal pericytes. | 2001 Mar 30 |
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Effects of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in healthy persons. | 2001 Mar 7 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
For vitamin E deficiency: a typical dose in adults is RRR-alpha tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 60-75 IU per day.
For the movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia: RRR-alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 1600 IU daily.
For improving male fertility: vitamin E 200-600 IU daily.
For Alzheimer's disease: up to 2000 IU daily. Combination therapy of donepezil (Aricept) 5 mg and vitamin E 1000 IU per day has been used for slowing memory decline in people with Alzheimer's disease.
For liver disease called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: 800 IU daily in adults has been used; 400-1200 IU daily has been used in children.
For early Huntington's chorea: RRR-alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 3000 IU.
For rheumatoid arthritis pain: vitamin E 600 IU twice daily.
For preventing nerve damage caused by cisplatin: vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 300 mg daily with each chemotherapy treatment and for up to 3 months after stopping cisplatin therapy.
For improving effectiveness of nitrates used for heart disease: vitamin E 200 mg three times daily.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28326458
Curator's Comment: In RAW264.7 cells, vitamin E-rich nanoemulsion significantly enhanced the secretion of Th1 cytokines and down-regulated the secretion of Th2 cytokine. In a co-culture system, vitamin E-rich nanoemulsion induced a high apoptosis rate in MDA-MB-231 cells as compared with vitamin E-low nanoemulsion.
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FDA ORPHAN DRUG |
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2421 (Number of products:1242)
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EU-Orphan Drug |
EU/3/17/1832
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14590-4
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678719
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1823-4
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ACTIVE MOIETY