Spectinomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis and proctitis in the male and acute gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in the female when due to susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In vitro studies have shown spectinomycin to be active against most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration <7.5 to 20 mcg/mL). Footprint studies indicate that spectinomycin exerts regional effects on ribosomal structure. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit. The antibiotic is not significantly bound to plasma protein. Spectinomycin was discovered 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States. Pfizer has discontinued distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin) in the U.S. The drug continues to be distributed outside the U.S.

Menthyl anthranilate (meradimate) is an active ingredient used in sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter (OTC) human use. Maximum FDA-approved Concentration - 5%. Range of Protection - UVA2.

Flumethasone or flumetasone is a corticosteroid and is an agonist of a glucocorticoid receptor with anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties. Flumethasone is often formulated as the pivalic acid ester, flumetasone pivalate. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Flumethasone binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin. Flumethasone is used for the treatment of contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, exczema, psoriasis, diaper rash and other skin condition.

Thiabendazole (TBZ, trade names Mintezol, Tresaderm, and Arbotect) was first introduced in 1962. This drug is a fungicide and parasiticide and is indicated for the treatment of: strongyloidiasis (threadworm), cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption), visceral larva migrans, trichinosis: relief of symptoms and fever and a reduction of eosinophilia have followed the use of this drug during the invasion stage of the disease. But usage of this drug was discontinued. The precise mode of action of thiabendazole on the parasite is unknown, but it may inhibit the helminthspecific enzyme fumarate reductase. It was shown, also that thiabendazole reversibly disassembles newly established blood vessels, marking it as vascular disrupting agent (VDA) and thus as a potential complementary therapeutic for use in combination with current anti-angiogenic therapies. Was shown, that vascular disruption by TBZ results from reduced tubulin levels and hyper-active Rho signaling. In addition, was confirmed, that thiabendazole slowed tumor growth and decreased vascular density in preclinical fibrosarcoma xenografts and thus, it could lead directly to the identification of a potential new therapeutic application for an inexpensive drug that is already approved for clinical use in humans.

Dioxybenzone (benzophenone-8) is an organic compound used in sunscreen to block UVB and short-wave UVA rays. It is a derivative of benzophenone. It is insoluble in water, which lends to the ‘waterproof’ claims that sunscreens make. It’s approved for use in the US at a concentration of 3%.

Oxybenzone is one of the more popular molecules used by chemists during the manufacturing of cosmetics and is included in sunscreen for UV protection. The chemical is often used to stabilize and strengthen the color and scent of skin care products, but its widest use is in the form of sun block. Unfortunately, the debate about the safety of oxybenzone is still ongoing. One of the biggest concerns in the medical community about the widespread use of the molecule comes from the fact that it’s easily absorbed into the body. This absorption raises concerns that oxybenzone may accumulate in the body, eventually leading to potentially toxic levels of the chemical, which can affect the endocrine system.

Cloxacillin is a derivative of penicillin for the treatment of broad spectrum of bacterial infections. The drug exerts its action by inhiiting bacterial beta-lactamase (penicillin-binding proteins).

Beta-carotene is found in many foods and is sold as a dietary supplement. Beta-carotene is a carotenoid, weak antioxidant; precursor of vitamin A, which is essential for vision and growth. Used to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). Has been used in high-dose antioxidant supplements containing ascorbic acid and vitamin E with zinc in high-risk patients with age-related macular degeneration. Beta-carotene is also used to decrease asthma symptoms caused by exercise; to prevent certain cancers, heart disease, cataracts; and to treat AIDS, alcoholism, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, epilepsy, headache, heartburn, high blood pressure, infertility, Parkinson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, and skin disorders including psoriasis and vitiligo.

Sulisobenzone (benzophenone-4) is an ingredient for use in sunscreens which protects the skin from damage by UVB and short-wave UVA ultraviolet light. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of Benzophenone-4 as safe and effective, over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen ingredient. Sulisobenzone is a subject to the FDA 2011 sunscreen final rule: it can be marketed without approved drug applications (without NDAs or ANDAs), must bear the statement of identity “sunscreen" and contain the information about SPF test. However it is said to be widely used in cosmetic products not labeled as sunscreens such as creams, moisturizers, shampoos and other hair care products, nail polish, lipsticks and lip balms. Sulisobenzone may cause contact dermatitis when used in cosmetics and toiletries. Benzophenone 4 is tested as 10%. It was reported that 10% sulisobenzone enhance skin penetration of the moderately lipophilic herbicide 2,4-D.

CHLORAL BETAINE, a chemical complex of chloral hydrate and betaine, is a nonbarbiturate sedative and hypnotic. It is indicated for sleep induction, preoperative sedation, and daytime sedation. CHLORAL BETAINE is converted to chloral hydrate in the body and its action on the central nervous system is identical with that of chloral hydrate.