Zinc Pidolate (Zinc PCA) is a topical skin product with purifying, astingent, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic activity. It has long been used as a cosmetic ingredient, because of its astringent and anti-microbial properties. Zinc Pidolate has also being shown to be effective against halitosis. Zinc PCA prevents the UV-induced MMP-1 production in vitro by suppressing the activation of AP-1. Zinc PCA was also able to enhance type I collagen synthesis in NHDFs, by increasing the expression of the mRNA encoding the ascorbic acid transporter SVCT2 in non-UV irradiated NHDFs, which suggests its promising effect against not only photoaged skin but also for the simple atrophic change of intrinsic skin ageing. Zinc PCA is able to suppress sebum secretion by inhibiting 5-α reductase in hyperseborrhea, to suppress body odor by forming zinc salts with short-chain fatty acids, to suppress wrinkles by inhibiting AP-1 to and inhibit bacterial growth including acne related Propionibacterium acnes.

DIMETHYL SULFONE is a compound that contains sulfur. It is a naturally occurring organosulfur compound utilized as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) under a variety of names including dimethyl sulfone, methyl sulfone, sulfonylbismethane, organic sulfur, or crystalline dimethyl sulfoxide. Its most common use is as anti-inflammatory agent. DIMETHYL SULFONE has been claimed to relieve stress, relieve pain, treat parasitic infections, increase energy, boost metabolism, enhance circulation, and improve wound healing, but there is little supporting scientific evidence. Due to its enhanced ability to penetrate membranes and permeate throughout the body, the full mechanistic function of MSM may involve a collection of cell types and is therefore difficult to elucidate. DIMETHYL SULFONE is recognized as safe by the FDA, but efficacy has yet to be proven. In rats, no adverse events were observed after daily doses of 2 g MSM per kg of body weight. Published clinical trials of DIMETHYL SULFONE did not report any serious side effects, but long-term effects are unknown.

Thioctic acid also known as alpha-lipoic acid is a dietary supplement, which is a common ingredient in OTC (over-the-counter) multivitamin formulas and anti-aging supplements. Thioctic acid exists in both R- and S-enantiomeric forms, however, only R-form is essential as a cofactor in biological systems (the acid is coupled via an amide linkage to a lysine of several multienzyme complexes, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, the glycine cleavage system and the branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase complex). Most commercially available thioctic acid supplements are a mixture of both R and S enantiomers or R-form alone. Several studies have shown that the acid has beneficial effect on diabetes complications, cancer, glaucome, liver disease, etc. The mechanisms of thioctic acid is related to its antioxidant properties, metal chelator properties, however, those mechanisms need futher confirmation.

Limonene is a naturally occurring chemical which is used in many food products, soaps and perfumes for its lemon-like flavor and odor. Limonene also is a registered active ingredient in 15 pesticide products used as insecticides, insect repellents, and dog and cat repellents. Pesticide products containing limonene are used for flea and tick control on pets, as an insecticide spray, an outdoor dog and cat repellent. It has also been used for relief of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). D-limonene has well-established chemopreventive activity against many types of cancer. Limonene and its oxidation products are skin and respiratory irritants.

Inosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside which serves as an intermediate in purine metabolism. The metabolism of purines in humans generates a potent antioxidant compound, uric acid, which is known to be a natural scavenger of both oxygen and nitrogen reactive species as well as having chelator properties. Inosine, as a precursor of uric acid, was shown to have neuroprotective effect in vitro and is being tested in phase III of clinical trials for the treatment of Parkinson disease. The treatment with inosine is belived to prevent or slow the disease.

Aceglutamide (INN, JAN) (brand name Neuramina), or aceglutamide aluminum (JAN, USAN) (brand name Glumal), also known as acetylglutamine, is a psychostimulant, nootropic, and antiulcer agent that is marketed in Spain and Japan. Aceglutamide functions as a prodrug to glutamine with improved potency and stability. Aceglutamide is used as a psychostimulant and nootropic, while aceglutamide aluminum is used in the treatment of ulcers. Aceglutamide can also be used as a liquid-stable source of glutamine to prevent damage from protein energy malnutrition.

Aspartame (l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine methyl ester) known to the public as NutraSweet has been the subject of controversy since it first became an ingredient in food products. The perceived sweetness of aspartame in humans is due to its binding of the heterodimer G-protein coupled receptor formed by the proteins TAS1R2 and TAS1R3. Aspartame was used in experiments on animals to study its role in delays of osteoarthritis. It was shown, that aspartame improved bone cortical density and muscle mass, and might contribute to a better quality of life for these diseased animals. In addition, was investigated the effect in patients with sickle cell anemia. It was revealed, that oral administration of aspartame lead inhibition of sickle cells. That effect was explained by binding aspartame with two human Bence Jones proteins: Mcg and Sea. Thus was suggested, that aspartame could interfere with sickle hemoglobin fibril formation. Then several studies showed that aspartame had no effect on the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin.

Erythritol is a four carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and has been approved by the United States and EU Food and Drug Administrations for use as a low-calorie sweetener. Erythritol is well tolerated and elicits no toxicological effects. It is rapidly absorbed and quantitatively excreted without metabolic change. Erythritol has been investigated as a food supplement to treat Endothelial Function related to Type II diabetes. It has also been studied for the prevention of gingivitis and carries.

Linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol) is a very fragrant component of various herbs such as lavender, mint, and coriander that can be a potent skin irritant, causing contact dermatitis in some sensitive individuals. Linalool is used as a scent in perfumed hygiene products and cleaning agents including soaps, detergents, shampoos, and lotions. Linalool is used by pest professionals as a flea, fruit fly, and cockroach insecticide. It can also be used a method of pest control for codling moths. Linalool creates a synergistic effect with the codling moth's pheromone called codlemone, which increases the attraction of males. Linalool can be absorbed by inhalation of its aerosol and by oral intake or skin absorption, potentially causing irritation, pain and allergic reactions.

Maltitol is a sugar alcohol, or polyol. Small amounts of maltitol occur naturally in chicory leaves and in roasted malt. Commercially, maltitol is produced from the starch of cereals such as corn, potatoes and wheat. Manufacturers use the catalytic hydrogenation of D-maltose to make a hydrogenated disaccharide consisting of a glucose molecule and a sorbitol molecule bound together. Maltitol is used as a low-calorie sweetener, humectant, thickening agent and texturizer in candies, chocolates, baked goods, ice creams, chewing gums and pan-coated tablets. In the European Union maltitol is labeled as E number E965.