Details
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Molecular Formula | C10H16 |
Molecular Weight | 136.234 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CC(=C)[C@@H]1CCC(C)=CC1
InChI
InChIKey=XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N
InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10/h4,10H,1,5-7H2,2-3H3/t10-/m0/s1
Molecular Formula | C10H16 |
Molecular Weight | 136.234 |
Charge | 0 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ABSOLUTE |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 1 / 1 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | UNSPECIFIED |
DescriptionSources: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/tred_PC-079701_24-Jan-05.pdfCurator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including:
https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/3083fact.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18072821
Sources: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/tred_PC-079701_24-Jan-05.pdf
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including:
https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/3083fact.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18072821
Limonene is a naturally occurring chemical which is used in many food products, soaps and perfumes for its lemon-like flavor and odor. Limonene also is a registered active ingredient in 15 pesticide products used as insecticides, insect repellents, and dog and cat repellents. Pesticide products containing limonene are used for flea and tick control on pets, as an insecticide spray, an outdoor dog and cat repellent. It has also been used for relief of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). D-limonene has well-established chemopreventive activity against many types of cancer. Limonene and its oxidation products are skin and respiratory irritants.
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: CHEMBL2095177 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526880 |
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Target ID: CHEMBL302 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526880 |
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Target ID: GO:1904223 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161036 |
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Target ID: CHEMBL1869 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417763 |
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Target ID: GO:0018342 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
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Primary | Unknown Approved UseUnknown |
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Primary | Rowachol Approved UseUnknown |
Cmax
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
93.6 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17540528/ |
300 mg single, oral dose: 300 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
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159.573 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18972832/ |
0.3 mL single, oral dose: 0.3 mL route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
|
10.8 μM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
2.67 g/m² 3 times / day multiple, oral dose: 2.67 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
12 μM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
2.67 g/m² 3 times / day multiple, oral dose: 2.67 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
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13.8 μM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
3.33 g/m² 3 times / day multiple, oral dose: 3.33 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
10.9 μM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
3.33 g/m² 3 times / day multiple, oral dose: 3.33 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
20.5 μM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
4 g/m² 3 times / day multiple, oral dose: 4 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
|
4.9 μM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
4 g/m² 3 times / day multiple, oral dose: 4 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
311.9 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17540528/ |
300 mg single, oral dose: 300 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
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449.855 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18972832/ |
0.3 mL single, oral dose: 0.3 mL route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
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151 μM × h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
8 g/m² single, oral dose: 8 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
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165 μM × h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
10 g/m² single, oral dose: 10 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
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154.5 μM × h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9654110/ |
12 g/m² single, oral dose: 12 g/m² route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
T1/2
Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|
3.42 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17540528/ |
300 mg single, oral dose: 300 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
|
2.859 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18972832/ |
0.3 mL single, oral dose: 0.3 mL route of administration: Oral experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
LIMONENE, ( )- plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: MALE food status: FASTED |
Doses
Dose | Population | Adverse events |
---|---|---|
12 g/m2 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 12 g/m2, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 12 g/m2, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Other AEs: Diarrhea... |
8 g/m2 1 times / day multiple, oral MTD Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Other AEs: Nausea, Vomiting... Other AEs: Nausea (grade 1, 3 patients) Sources: Vomiting (grade 1, 1 patient) Diarrhea (grade 1, 4 patients) Nausea (grade 2, 2 patients) Diarrhea (grade 2, 2 patients) |
AEs
AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Diarrhea | grade 2, 1 pt | 12 g/m2 1 times / day multiple, oral Highest studied dose Dose: 12 g/m2, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 12 g/m2, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Vomiting | grade 1, 1 patient | 8 g/m2 1 times / day multiple, oral MTD Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Nausea | grade 1, 3 patients | 8 g/m2 1 times / day multiple, oral MTD Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Diarrhea | grade 1, 4 patients | 8 g/m2 1 times / day multiple, oral MTD Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Diarrhea | grade 2, 2 patients | 8 g/m2 1 times / day multiple, oral MTD Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
Nausea | grade 2, 2 patients | 8 g/m2 1 times / day multiple, oral MTD Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Route: oral Route: multiple Dose: 8 g/m2, 1 times / day Sources: |
unhealthy, ADULT Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: ADULT Sex: M+F Food Status: UNKNOWN Sources: |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Joint effects of citrus peel use and black tea intake on the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. | 2001 |
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Identification of volatile constituents of Tambourissa leptophylla. | 2001 Apr |
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Ozone removal in the sampling of parts per billion levels of terpenoid compounds: an evaluation of different scrubber materials. | 2001 Apr 1 |
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Response of plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to odor-baited traps near woods. | 2001 Dec |
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Effect of S(-) perillic acid on protein prenylation and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. | 2001 Dec 15 |
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First isolation of an isoprene synthase gene from poplar and successful expression of the gene in Escherichia coli. | 2001 Jul |
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Low-resolution gas-phase FT-IR method for the determination of the limonene/carvone ratio in supercritical CO2-extracted caraway fruit oils. | 2001 Jul |
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Chemical variability in the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens. | 2001 Jul |
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Seasonal variation of monoterpene emission from Malus domestica and Prunus avium. | 2001 Jul |
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Age and space distributions of monoterpenes in fresh needles of Picea abies (L) Karst. Determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | 2001 Jul-Aug |
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Foliar and cortex oleoresin variability of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Albania. | 2001 Jul-Aug |
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Chemical and biological evaluation of a reaction mixture of R-(+)-limonene/ozone: formation of strong airway irritants. | 2001 Jun |
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Permeation of oxygen, water vapor, and limonene through printed and unprinted biaxially oriented polypropylene films. | 2001 Jun |
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Fumigant toxicity of volatile natural products from Korean spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L). | 2001 Jun |
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Hydroquinone derivatives and monoterpenoids from the Neotropical liverwort Plagiochila rutilans. | 2001 Jun |
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Hydroxylation of limonene enantiomers and analogs by recombinant (-)-limonene 3- and 6-hydroxylases from mint (Mentha) species: evidence for catalysis within sterically constrained active sites. | 2001 Mar 1 |
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Effect of in situ composting on reducing offensive odors and volatile organic compounds in swineries. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
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Indoor environmental quality in six commercial office buildings in the midwest United States. | 2001 Nov |
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Fragrance chemicals in domestic and occupational products. | 2001 Oct |
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Aromatic profile of aqueous banana essence and banana fruit by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). | 2001 Oct |
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Seasonal changes in the composition of the essential oil extract of East Mediterranean sage (Salvia libanotica) and its toxicity in mice. | 2001 Oct |
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Transdermal delivery of ketoprofen using microemulsions. | 2001 Oct 9 |
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Chiral discrimination of limonene by use of beta-cyclodextrin-coated quartz-crystal-microbalances (QCMs) and data evaluation by artificial neuronal networks. | 2001 Sep |
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High-speed GC and GC/time-of-flight MS of lemon and lime oil samples. | 2001 Sep 15 |
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Health evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from wood and wood-based materials. | 2001 Sep-Oct |
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Direct analysis of highly oxidised organic aerosol constituents by on-line ion trap mass spectrometry in the negative-ion mode. | 2002 |
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Distribution and immune responses resulting from oral administration of D-limonene in rats. | 2002 Apr |
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Molecular characterisation of organic material in air fine particles (PM10) using conventional and reactive pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | 2002 Apr |
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Free radicals in antigen formation: reduction of contact allergic response to hydroperoxides by epidermal treatment with antioxidants. | 2002 Apr |
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Biosynthesis of marine natural products: isolation and characterization of a myrcene synthase from cultured tissues of the marine red alga Ochtodes secundiramea. | 2002 Apr 1 |
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Spontaneous versus reinforced olfactory discriminations. | 2002 Aug 15 |
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Diastereoselectivity control in photosensitized addition of methanol to (R)-(+)-limonene. | 2002 Aug 9 |
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Expression of cyclin D1/2 in the lungs of strain A/J mice fed chemopreventive agents. | 2002 Feb |
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Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Solidago chilensis. | 2002 Feb |
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Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. | 2002 Feb |
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Mammary carcinomas induced in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats are estrogen-independent, but responsive to d-limonene treatment. | 2002 Jan |
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Sex differences in the metabolism of (+)- and (-)-limonene enantiomers to carveol and perillyl alcohol derivatives by cytochrome p450 enzymes in rat liver microsomes. | 2002 Jan |
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Composition and seasonal variation of the essential oil from leaves and peel of a Cretan lemon variety. | 2002 Jan 2 |
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Quinoline alkaloids, coumarins and volatile constituents of Helietta longifoliata. | 2002 Jul |
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Upper airway and pulmonary effects of oxidation products of (+)-alpha-pinene, d-limonene, and isoprene in BALB/c mice. | 2002 Jul |
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Acute necrotizing dermatitis and septicemia after application of a d-limonene-based insecticidal shampoo in a cat. | 2002 Jul 15 |
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Acaricidal activity of pine essential oils and their main components against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, a stored food mite. | 2002 Jul 31 |
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Background odour induces adaptation and sensitization of olfactory receptors in the antennae of houseflies. | 2002 Jun |
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Diet and breast cancer. | 2002 Jun |
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Preparation and self-assembly of chiral porphyrin diads on the gold electrodes of quartz crystal microbalances: a novel potential approach to the development of enantioselective chemical sensors. | 2002 Jun 3 |
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Muscle relaxing activity of Hyssopus officinalis essential oil on isolated intestinal preparations. | 2002 Mar |
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Comparison of extraction methods for marker compounds in the essential oil of lemon grass by GC. | 2002 Mar 13 |
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Metabolism of (+)- and (-)-limonenes to respective carveols and perillyl alcohols by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes. | 2002 May |
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Characteristic odor components of Citrus sphaerocarpa Tanaka (Kabosu) cold-pressed peel oil. | 2002 May 8 |
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Furfural-cysteine model reaction in food grade nonionic oil/water microemulsions for selective flavor formation. | 2002 May 8 |
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554130
take 2 grams of limonene daily for two to six weeks
Route of Administration:
Oral
Fungal inhibiton range (in %) of limonene enantiomers at concentration 10ul/ml is 54-91. Antifungal action was assessed against eight different species of fungi: Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, A. flavus, A.parasiticus, Alternaria alternata, Chaetomium sp., Fusarium culmorum. and Penicillium citratum. The fungi were introduced at l flL mL and 10 flL mL in 10 mL of YES broth (2% yeast extract in 15% sucrose); after 10 days the weights of
fungi were recorded after drying and compared with untreated fungal weights.
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Mon Mar 31 17:56:52 GMT 2025
by
admin
on
Mon Mar 31 17:56:52 GMT 2025
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Record UNII |
GFD7C86Q1W
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C68542
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
79701
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DSLD |
1215 (Number of products:28)
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EC SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER SAFETY OPINION |
SCCS/1459/11
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JECFA EVALUATION |
D-LIMONENE
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EPA PESTICIDE CODE |
179701
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4186
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C61714
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GFD7C86Q1W
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440917
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1426476
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d-limonene
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DB08921
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28730
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5989-27-5
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GFD7C86Q1W
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15384
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LIMONENE
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DTXSID1020778
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SUB37237
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757069
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SUB126224
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15382
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227-813-5
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1325
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100000151802
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CHEMBL449062
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68647-72-3
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PARENT -> CONSTITUENT MAY BE PRESENT |
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