Propyliodone (INN, trade name Dionosil) is a molecule used as a contrast medium. It was developed by a team at Imperial Chemical Industries in the late 1930s. Propyliodone used as radiopque medium for brochographic use. When directly instilled into the bronchi resulting in well-defined bronchograms for atleast 30 min. Because of its toxicity, Propyliodone should only be used if absolutely essential. It is of Synthetic origin and belongs to Iodinated Radio-opaque Compounds. It belongs to Radiopaque Agents pharmacological group on the basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Diagnostic Aids pharmacological group. Oral absorption of Propyliodone is found to be 101% and metabolism is reported Lungs and Gut wall. Propyliodone is primarily indicated in conditions like Paget's disease of bone, Radiological contrast agent. Propyliodone produces potentially life-threatening effects which include Fever, Anaphylaxis, Repiratory obstruction, Cerebral embolization, which are responsible for the discontinuation of Propyliodone therapy. The signs and symptoms that are produced after the acute overdosage of Propyliodone include Airway obstruction. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Propyliodone are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include Headache, Fever, Malaise, Nausea and vomiting, Aching joints.

Iodipamide is used as a contrast agent for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. Following intravenous administration of Cholografin Meglumine, iodipamide is carried to the liver where it is rapidly secreted. The contrast medium appears in the bile within 10 to 15 minutes after injection, thus permitting visualization of the hepatic and common bile ducts, even in cholecystectomized patients. Iodipamide (Cholografin Meglumine) is indicated for intravenous cholangiography and cholecystography as follows: (a) visualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions, (b) visualization of the biliary ducts, especially in patients with symptoms after cholecystectomy, and (c) visualization of the gallbladder in patients unable to take oral contrast media or to absorb contrast media from the gastrointestinal tract. The biliary ducts are readily visualized within about 25 minutes after administration, except in patients with impaired liver function. The gallbladder begins to fill within an hour after injection; maximum filling is reached after two to two and one-half hours. Organic iodine compounds block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these iodinated organic compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. Iodipamide's primary excretion through the hepato-biliary system and concentration in bile allows visualization of the gallbladder and biliary ducts.

BETAZOLE is a histamine H2 receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.

Acetrizoic acid (trade names Gastrografina, Urografina in Portugal) is a palatable lemon-flavored water-soluble iodinated radiopaque X-ray contrast medium for oral or rectal administration only. Acetrizoic acid is indicated for radiographic examination of segments of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, proximal small intestine, and colon). The preparation is particularly indicated when a more viscous agent such as barium sulfate, which is not water-soluble, is not feasible or is potentially dangerous. Administration of hypertonic Gastrografin solutions may lead to hypovolemia and hypotension due to fluid loss from the intestine.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a colorless, crystalline, tasteless and almost odorless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties and environmental impacts. First synthesized in 1874, DDT's insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller in 1939. It was used in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. After the war, DDT was also used as an agricultural insecticide and its production and use duly increased. The United States banned the use of DDT in 1972, but some countries still use the chemical. In December 2000, in a convention organized by the United Nations Environment Program, 122 nations agreed to a treaty banning twelve very toxic chemicals. Included among the twelve was DDT. However, the treaty allowed the use of DDT to combat malaria until other alternatives become available. Before it can take effect the treaty must be ratified by 50 of the nations that agreed to it in principle. DDT has also been used in the past for the treatment of lice. It is still in use outside the United States for the control of mosquitoes that spread malaria. DDT and related chemicals persist for a long time in the environment and in animal tissues. People are most likely to be exposed to DDT from food, including meat, fish, and dairy products. DDT can be absorbed by eating, breathing, or touching products contaminated with DDT. In the body, DDT is converted into several metabolic products, including the metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE). DDT and DDE are stored in the body’s fatty tissues. In pregnant women DDT and DDE can be passed to the fetus. Both chemicals are found in breast milk, resulting in exposure to nursing infants. Human health effects from DDT at low environmental doses are unknown. However, following exposure to high doses human symptoms can include vomiting, tremors or shakiness, and seizures. Laboratory animal studies showed effects on both the liver and reproduction. DDT is considered a possible human carcinogen. DDE acts as a weak androgen receptor antagonist, but not as an estrogen. p,p'-DDT, DDT's main component, has little or no androgenic or estrogenic activity. The minor component o,p'-DDT has weak estrogenic activity.

Aminohippurate (p-aminohippuric acid, PAH, PAHA) is the glycine amide of p-aminobenzoic acid. Aminohippuric acid sodium salt is an agent to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF).

Thorium dioxide, a main component of Thorotrast that was used as a contrast agent for cerebral angiography. Thorotrast is an alpha emitter and primary site of deposition is the reticuloendothelial system including the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. However was discovered, that this compound can cause hepatic angiosarcoma with a long latent period. That is why this contrast agent was withdrawn.

Phenylmercuric nitrate is classified as an antimicrobial preservative. It is bactericidal against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. It is used as antimicrobial preservative mainly in ophthalmic preparations. Patients who used eye drops containing the preservative, phenylmercuric nitrate for from 3 to 15 years, developed a brownish pigmentation of the anterior capsule of the pupillary area. Special studies, including electron microprobe analysis and neutron activation analysis established the presence of mercury in a lens with mercurialentis. Phenylmercuric nitrate is also an effective spermicide, although its use in vaginal contraceptives is no longer recommended.

Propionic acid (PA), also known as propanoic acid, with chemical formula C3H6O2, is an organic acid used as a food additive and found naturally on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a byproduct of fermentation reactions and is also produced industrially from ethylene or ethanol and carbon monoxide. Propionic acid is a fungicide and bactericide, registered to controlfungi and bacteria in stored grains, hay, grain storage areas, poultry litter,and drinking water for livestock and poultry. As a food preservative, propionic acid prevents mold in bread and baked goods, and it is used as a flavoring agent in cheese and other packaged goods. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers it safe and therefore, has no limitation on its use. It has been demonstrated that PA lowers fatty acids content in liver and plasma, reduces food intake, exerts immunosuppressive actions and probably improves tissue insulin sensitivity. Thus increased production of PA by the microbiota might be considered beneficial in the context of prevention of obesity and diabetes type 2. The molecular mechanisms by which PA may exert this plethora of physiological effects are slowly being elucidated and include intestinal cyclooxygenase enzyme, the G-protein coupled receptors 41 and 43 and activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, in turn inhibiting the sentinel transcription factor NF-κB and thus increasing the threshold for inflammatory responses in general. Taken together, PA emerges as a major mediator in the link between nutrition, gut microbiota and physiology. The sodium salt of propionic acid was previously approved in Canada as an active ingredient in Amino-Cerv (used to treat inflammation or injury of the cervix).

Nitrate ion (NO3 −) is found naturally in the environment and is an important plant nutrient. It is present at varying concentrations in all plants and is a part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrate probably has a role in protecting the gastrointestinal tract against a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens, as nitrous oxide and acidified nitrite have antibacterial properties. Significant bacterial reduction of nitrate to nitrite does not normally take place in the stomach, except in individuals with low gastric acidity or with gastrointestinal infections. These may include individuals using antacids, particularly those that block acid secretion. Potassium nitrate is used as mild local desensitizer in toothpastes.