Secobarbital sodium, a barbiturate, is FDA approved for the treatment of insomnia and for pre-anesthetic use. This drug binds at a distinct site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. Adverse reactions are drowsiness, lethargy, hangover, paradoxical excitement in elderly patients, somnolence. Rifampin may decrease secobarbital levels by increasing metabolism.

AMOBARBITAL is a barbiturate derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. In an in vitro study in rat thalamic slices amobarbital worked by activating GABAA receptors, which decreased input resistance, depressed burst and tonic firing, especially in ventrobasal and intralaminar neurons, while at the same time increasing burst duration and mean conductance at individual chloride channels; this increased both the amplitude and decay time of inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high.

Ethylmorphine is a derivative of morphine with analgesic and antitussive effect. It acts by activating the opioid receptors and thus has a direct influence on the CNS system. Ethylmorphine was approved in Europe for the treatment of dry cough (Codethyline, Dionine).

Acetone (or propanone) is the smallest and simplest ketone, which is used in cosmetic as a nail polish remover. Acetone is produced within the body because of the breakdown of stored fats and lipids as a source of energy. Such conditions as physical exercise and prolonged dieting, which lead to cleavage of fat within the body, may result in higher than average amounts of acetone in the bloodstream. The concentration of acetone in the environment doesn’t cause a neurotoxic, carcinogenic, or reproductive health hazard effect. In addition, experiments on rodents have shown that acetone possesses anticonvulsant properties.

Diethyl ether (ether) had been widely used for anesthesia until the 1960s despite its explosive properties and toxicity to both humans and animals. Diethyl ether still serves a role today as an effective inhalation agent. Newer inhalation agents have replaced ether completely and open drop delivery systems have been exchanged for complicated vaporizers and monitoring systems. Anesthesia in the developing world, however, still closely resembles primitive anesthetics.

3,3′-diindolylmethane or diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural product from cruciferous vegetables, which possesses chemopreventive activity in all stages of breast cancer carcinogenesis and is under investigation for the different form of cancer. DIM selectively induced proteasome-mediated degradation of the class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC8) without affecting the class II HDAC proteins (HDAC4, 5, 6, 7, and 10). Histone deacetylases are components of high molecular weight multisubunit complexes of co-repressor proteins that are recruited by transcription factors to the promoters to regulate gene expression. In addition, was identified another mechanism of action: DIM suppressed cancer cells proliferation and miR-30e down-regulated during this effect. miR-30e targeted the 3'-UTR of ATG5 to inhibit its translation. Thus DIM may through the miR-30e-ATG5 modulating autophagy inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. DIM is also sold as absorption-enhanced formulation under the brand name Patented BioResponse DIM®. BioResponse DIM supports a more favorable metabolism of estrogen and supports the production of 2 hydroxyestrone and 2-methoxyestrone, key metabolites in men and women. DIM is used to treat recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and it has been studied for patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Resveratrol, a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol, exhibits a wide range of beneficial properties as an anticancer agent, a platelet anti-aggregation agent, and an antioxidant, as well as its anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic. This compound is in phase III clinical trials in combination with carboxymethyl-β-glucan for improving nasal symptoms in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Also in phase III clinical trial in the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis and in type 2 diabetic patients. It has been demonstrated that resveratrol may prevent type 2 diabetic by targeting Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1), indicating that SIRT1 may be a novel therapeutic target for diabetes prevention.

Clenbuterol is agonist of beta2 adrenergic receptor. In some countries it is used as bronchodilator for treatment of asthma, but is not approved in USA. The drug is abused by bodybuilders and athletes for its ability to increase lean muscle mass and to reduce body fat. In 1998 FDA approved the clenbuterol-based Ventipulmin Syrup as a prescription-only drug for treatment of airway obstruction in horses.

Butyl stearate is an ester of stearic acid and butanol. It is used in the cosmetic industry as a plasticizer in nail varnishes, emollient and skin conditioning agent in personal care formulations, as a masking agent in fragrances. In the food industry, it is used as a flavoring agent and as a defoaming agent in processing beet sugar and yeast.