Geraniol is a dietary monoterpene alcohol that is found in the essential oils of aromatic plants. To date, experimental evidence supports the therapeutic or preventive effects of geraniol on different types of cancer, such as breast, lung, colon, prostate, pancreatic, and hepatic cancer, and has revealed the mechanistic basis for its pharmacological actions. In addition, geraniol sensitizes tumor cells to commonly used chemotherapy agents. Geraniol controls a variety of signaling molecules and pathways that represent tumor hallmarks; these actions of geraniol constrain the ability of tumor cells to acquire adaptive resistance against anticancer drugs. It has been shown that geraniol inhibits HMG-CoA reductase in most types of tumor cells, which raises the possibility that the reduced prenylation of small G-proteins, such as Ras or RhoA, accounts for the antitumor effects of geraniol. In addition to its use in various commercial products, including cosmetics and fine fragrances, geraniol exerts a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and neuroprotective activities. Geraniol is classified into the generally recognized-as-safe (GRAS) category by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States.

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma); in addition, this compound can antagonize the ability of agonist ligands such as rosiglitazone to activate the transcriptional and adipogenic action of this receptor. The elevation of BADGE concentration in epoxy resins-coated aluminium tubes poses a risk of developing contact dermatitis to patients sensitized to epoxy resins.

Cinnamyl alcohol (CAL, 3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol) is found mostly in esterized form as a natural component in cinnamon oil obtained from the bark of the Cylonese cinnamon tree. Furthermore, (esterized) CAL is a component of the balsam of Peru from Myroxylon pereirae, of Styrax (balsam) from the wood of Liquidambar orientalis Miller or Liquidambar styraciflua L. and further plant extracts. The regulatory status of CAL includes approval (21 CFR 172.515) by the FDA and Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as flavor ingredient [Number 2294] by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers
Association. CAL included in the Council of Europe
s list of substances which may be used in foodstuffs. CAL have been reported as common component of food occurring mainly in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and spices in varying concentrations. The plant phenolic CAL is used as a fragrance ingredient and has antipyretic and antiproliferative effects. A recent report also demonstrated its vasodilatory activity.

N-isopropyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD), an amine antiozonant, is used in rubber manufacture and is a human allergen.

Dipentamethylenethiuram disulfide is an accelerator and vulcanizing agent used in the rubber industry. It can be found in latex gloves and other rubber products found in homes and offices. Dipentamethylenethiuram disulfide is a standardized chemical allergen. The physiologic effect of dipentamethylenethiuram disulfide is by means of increased histamine release, and cell-mediated Immunity. The chemical classification of dipentamethylenethiuram disulfide is allergens. It is used for diagnosis of contact allergy. It is a component of Thiuram Mix, used in the epicutaneous patch test, called T.R.U.E. TEST, approved by FDA in 1994. T.R.U.E. TEST is indicated for use as an aid in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in persons 18 years of age and older whose history suggests sensitivity to one or more of the 35 substances included on the T.R.U.E. TEST panels.

N-Cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine is a component of black rubber. It is also a dermatological sensitizer and allergen. N-Cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine is approved for use within allergenic epicutaneous patch tests which are indicated for use as an aid in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in persons 6 years of age and older.

DISPERSE BLUE 106 is a dark blue textile dye found in synthetic fabrics. It is a human allergen and a common cause of textile dye dermatitis. DISPERSE BLUE 106 was shown to be one of the strongest clothing dye sensitizers to date.

N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazosulfenamide (Sulfenax® CBS) is used in rubber industry in processing of natural and synthetic rubber in rubber compounds as a fast accelerator of vulcanization with delayed action. N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazosulfenamide is a chemical allergen. It is used for diagnosis of contact allergy. It is a component of Mercapto Mix, used in the epicutaneous patch test, called T.R.U.E. TEST, approved by FDA in 1994. T.R.U.E. TEST is indicated for use as an aid in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in persons 18 years of age and older whose history suggests sensitivity to one or more of the 35 substances included on the T.R.U.E. TEST panels.

Methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) is a bromine-containing preservative that has been used in cosmetic and toiletry preparations as well as in some industrial products. A maximum concentration of 0.1% MDBGN in stay-on and rinse-off cosmetics was approved for use in the mid 1980’s and animal tests showed it to be a weak sensitiser compared to other preservatives used at the time. By the 1990’s it became a commonly used preservative, particularly in cosmetic and self-hygiene products. However, methyldibromo glutaronitrile was soon discovered to cause allergic contact dermatitis reactions in eczema patients. Rates of sensitisation to MDBGN increased from 0.7% in 1991 to 3.5% in 2000 in patch test studies from 16 European centres. In the United States, sensitivity rates were up to 11.7%. In 2005, the European Union, banned the use of MDBGN in stay-on products, and then later in 2007 also in rinse-off products. Recent data from Europe observed a significant decrease in positive patch test reactions since the ban of MDBGN.

Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone found in Tanacetum that exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities. Parthenolide acts as a partial agonist at transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels and desensitizes them, preventing release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Additionally, parthenolide inhibits ATPase activity of NLRP3 and protease activity of caspase 1. In multiple myeloma cells, parthenolide decreases expression of NF-κB, VEGF, and IL-6 and increases expression of IκB kinase, inhibiting cell migration and tubule formation. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, parthenolide decreases levels of MCL-1 and increases levels of MAIP-1, triggering ER stress and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In breast cancer cells, this compound activates NADPH oxidase and increases ROS generation, increasing levels of p-JNK and downregulating NF-κB, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2/9); in vivo, parthenolide inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. Parthenolide has being shown to have agonistic activity against adiponectin receptor 2. Parthenolide is in phase I clinical trials by Ashbury Biologicals for the treatment of cancer. However, there is no recent report of this research.