Echinacoside is a caffeic acid glycoside which is constituted from a trisaccharide consisting of two glucose and one rhamnose moieties glycosidically linked to one caffeic acid and on hydroxytyrosol residue at the centrally situated rhamnose. Echinacoside is the basic component of the roots of E. angustifolia and E. pallida, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0%. Echinacoside is reported to possess the immunostimulatory and high antioxidant activities

Shikonin is a major naphthoquinone compound found in the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and exhibits powerful anticancer activities for various cancer cells. Shikonin and its derivatives are characterized by a wide spectrum of antibacterial activities: high antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus et al.), a stable fungicidal effect towards Candida and Trichosporon fungi. Shikonin normalizes the production of the key mediators of inflammation IL-1 and IL-2, IFN-γ, reduces vascular permeability in the focus of inflammation, exhibiting a marked anti-inflammatory effect. Combined therapy with applications of a bio-polymeric film with shikonin and its esters (naphthoquinone derivatives) led to an obvious improvement of the clinical parameters and reduced the morphological signs of the buccal mucosal lesions. The drug was well tolerated by all patients and no side effects were recorded. Shikonin, as a naturally occurring, low-molecular-weight pan-chemokine receptor inhibitor, constitutes a basis for the development of novel anti-HIV therapeutic agents.

IMD-0354 is an inhibitor of IκB kinase-β (IKKβ) that blocks NF-κB nuclear translocation. Attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and P-selectin and inhibiting cytokine and chemokine production in cardiomyocytes. Induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HMC-1 and breast cancer cells. IMD-0354 had been in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Sulforaphane is a naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale. Sulforaphane is under investigation for the treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia.

PK-11195 is a selective antagonist of the Translocator Protein (TSPO). The C11 radiolabeled isotope of PK-11195 ([11C]-(R)-PK-11195) has been used effectively for diagnostic PET imaging in a number of CNS conditions where imaging of TSPO is informative (the S- enantiomer is not used). Applicable conditions including Schizophrenia, Multiple Sclerosis, and Traumatic Brain Injuries where it has been particularly useful for detection of increased microglial activation. It has also been investigated as means to monitor the role of Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR-4) after cerebral ischemia in mice. It should be noted that the unlabeled PK-11195 had been investigated for a number of potential therapeutic uses but did not progress beyond animal and cell models.

HMN-214 is an oral prodrug of HMN-176, a stilbene derivative that interferes with the subcellular spatial location of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK-1), a serine/threonine kinase that regulates critical mitotic events. HMN-214 was synthesized as an oral prodrug because of the poor oral absorption of HMN-176 itself. In the in vivo analysis of the schedule-dependency of HMN-214, the repeated administration for over 5 days elicited potent antitumor activity, as expected from the exposure-dependency of the cytotoxicity of HMN-176 and from the cytometric studies. The antitumor activity of HMN-214 against human tumor xenografts was equal or superior to that of clinically available agents, including cis-platinum, adriamycin, vincristine, and UFT without severe toxicity such as neurotoxicity. A phase I pharmacokinetic study indicated that there was no accumulation of HMN-176, the metabolite of HMN-214, with repeated dosing. Phase I trials in Japan and the US was done several years ago and no further development has been reported, therefore it is assumed that HMN-214 investigation to be discontinued.

PD-153035 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR. PD 153035 shows a potent and selective inhibitory effect on tyrosine phosphorylation induced by EGF in Swiss 3T3 fibroblast and A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. PD153035 shows dose-dependent growth inhibitory effects in cultures of EGF receptor-overexpressing human cancer cell lines (A431, Difi, DU145, MDA-MB-468, and ME180) and in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines (NPC-TW01, NPC-TW04, and HONE1). Pretreatment of EGFR inhibitors by 24 hours significantly enhances the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil in NPCTW04 cells. PD153035 abolishes COX-2 expression induced by the PAR(2)-activating peptide 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) (2fLI) in Caco-2 colon cancer cells. In A431 human epidermoid tumors grown as xenografts in immunodeficient nude mice, PD153035 at 80 mg/kg i.p. inhibit EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. PD153035 improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and signaling and reduces subclinical inflammation in HFD-fed mice.

SB-271046 is one of the first selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonists to be discovered. SB-271046 is a potent, selective and orally active 5-HT6 receptor antagonist with a pKi value of 8.9. This compound provides a useful tool for further elucidating the physiological function of 5-HT6 receptors in vivo. SB-271046 was found to increase levels of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate, as well as dopamine and noradrenaline in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats, and 5-HT6 antagonists have been shown to produce nootropic effects in a variety of animal studies. Suggested applications of SB-271046 included treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. A phase I clinical development of SB-271046 by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was discontinued due to a poor BBB permeability.

Manoalide is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from the Indo-Pacific sponge Luffariella variabilis. It is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Manoalide acts by inhibiting PLA2. At low concentrations, manoalide also inhibited calcium channels with no effect on phosphoinositide metabolism. Manoalide was licensed to Allergan Pharmaceuticals and reached Phase II clinical trials as a topical anti-psoriatic, its development was however, discontinued due to formulation problems.

Trimethylcolchicinic acid (also known as deacetyl colchicine) was used for patients with advanced malignancies. However, these studies were discontinued. Expeiments on rat were shown, that trimethylcolchicinic acid was able to improve normal liver histology, ultrastructure, collagen content and biochemical markers of liver damage in spite of that trimethylcolchicinic acid, didn't bind tubulin.