TESTOSTERONE

First marketed in 1937

Details

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Molecular Formula	C19H28O2
Molecular Weight	288.4251
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED
Defined Stereocenters	6 / 6
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

C[C@@]12CCC(=O)C=C2CC[C@@]3([H])[C@]4([H])CC[C@@]([H])([C@@]4(C)CC[C@@]31[H])O

InChI

InChIKey=MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N

InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	C19H28O2
Molecular Weight	288.4251
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ABSOLUTE
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	6 / 6
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	UNSPECIFIED

Description
Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00624
Curator's Comment:: Description was created based on several sources, including

Testosterone is a steroid sex hormone found in both men and women. In men, testosterone is produced primarily by the Leydig (interstitial) cells of the testes when stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). It functions to stimulate spermatogenesis, promote physical and functional maturation of spermatozoa, maintain accessory organs of the male reproductive tract, support development of secondary sexual characteristics, stimulate growth and metabolism throughout the body and influence brain development by stimulating sexual behaviors and sexual drive. In women, testosterone is produced by the ovaries (25%), adrenals (25%) and via peripheral conversion from androstenedione (50%). Testerone in women functions to maintain libido and general wellbeing. Testosterone exerts a negative feedback mechanism on pituitary release of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Testosterone may be further converted to dihydrotestosterone or estradiol depending on the tissue. The effects of testosterone in humans and other vertebrates occur by way of two main mechanisms: by activation of the androgen receptor (directly or as DHT), and by conversion to estradiol and activation of certain estrogen receptors. Free testosterone (T) is transported into the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where it can bind to the androgen receptor, or can be reduced to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5α-reductase. DHT binds to the same androgen receptor even more strongly than T, so that its androgenic potency is about 2.5 times that of T. The T-receptor or DHT-receptor complex undergoes a structural change that allows it to move into the cell nucleus and bind directly to specific nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal DNA. The areas of binding are called hormone response elements (HREs), and influence transcriptional activity of certain genes, producing the androgen effects. Testosterone is used as hormone replacement or substitution of diminished or absent endogenous testosterone. Use in males: For management of congenital or acquired hypogonadism, hypogonadism associated with HIV infection, and male climacteric (andopause). Use in females: For palliative treatment of androgen-responsive, advanced, inoperable, metastatis (skeletal) carcinoma of the breast in women who are 1-5 years postmenopausal; testosterone esters may be used in combination with estrogens in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause in women who do not respond to adequately to estrogen therapy alone.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Androgen receptor 42 Target ID: P10275 Gene ID: 367.0 Gene Symbol: AR Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17635942	Agonist 2470
Androgen Receptor 163 Target ID: CHEMBL1871 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19856921	Agonist 2470		3.16 nM [EC50]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Hypogonadism 28 Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/203098s006lbl.pdf	Primary		Approved 8043	TESTOSTERONE Approved Use Testosterone is an androgen indicated for replacement therapy in males for conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone: • Primary Hypogonadism (Congenital or Acquired) (1) • Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Congenital or Acquired) Launch Date 1.35950395E12

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
13.1 pg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10902784/	8.2 mg single, topical dose: 8.2 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	TESTOSTERONE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN
214 ng/dL Clinical Trial https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01725451	30 mg single, topical dose: 30 mg route of administration: topical experiment type: single co-administered:	TESTOSTERONE unknown	Homo sapiens population: healthy age: sex: food status:
231 ng/dL Clinical Trial https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01725451	30 mg single, topical dose: 30 mg route of administration: topical experiment type: single co-administered:	TESTOSTERONE unknown	Homo sapiens population: healthy age: sex: food status:
930.1 ng/dL Clinical Trial https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01386606	5 g 1 times / day multiple, topical dose: 5 g route of administration: topical experiment type: multiple co-administered:	TESTOSTERONE unknown	Homo sapiens

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
948 pg × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10902784/	8.2 mg single, topical dose: 8.2 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	TESTOSTERONE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN
2120 ng*h/dL Clinical Trial https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01725451	30 mg single, topical dose: 30 mg route of administration: topical experiment type: single co-administered:	TESTOSTERONE unknown	Homo sapiens population: healthy age: sex: food status:
3110 ng*h/dL Clinical Trial https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01725451	30 mg single, topical dose: 30 mg route of administration: topical experiment type: single co-administered:	TESTOSTERONE unknown	Homo sapiens population: healthy age: sex: food status:

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
7 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10902784/	8.2 mg single, topical dose: 8.2 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		TESTOSTERONE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
13% EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10902784/	8.2 mg single, topical dose: 8.2 mg route of administration: Topical experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		TESTOSTERONE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
75 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (median) Recommended Dose: 75 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 75 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30296416/	unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: hypogonadism Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 150 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30296416/	Disc. AE: Hypertension... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Hypertension (5.6%) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30296416/
100 mg 1 times / day steady, topical Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: topical Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592293/	unhealthy, mean 74 years n = 106 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: with limitations in mobility Age Group: mean 74 years Sex: M Population Size: 106 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592293/	Other AEs: Cardiac disorders, Atherosclerosis... Other AEs: Cardiac disorders (6.5%) Atherosclerosis (6.4%) Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592293/

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Hypertension	5.6% Disc. AE	75 mg 1 times / day steady, subcutaneous (median) Recommended Dose: 75 mg, 1 times / day Route: subcutaneous Route: steady Dose: 75 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30296416/	unhealthy, adult n = 150 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: hypogonadism Age Group: adult Sex: M Population Size: 150 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30296416/
Atherosclerosis	6.4%	100 mg 1 times / day steady, topical Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: topical Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592293/	unhealthy, mean 74 years n = 106 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: with limitations in mobility Age Group: mean 74 years Sex: M Population Size: 106 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592293/
Cardiac disorders	6.5%	100 mg 1 times / day steady, topical Recommended Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Route: topical Route: steady Dose: 100 mg, 1 times / day Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592293/	unhealthy, mean 74 years n = 106 Health Status: unhealthy Condition: with limitations in mobility Age Group: mean 74 years Sex: M Population Size: 106 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20592293/

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1601

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
BCRP 643 P-gp 1330 MRP2 346	UGT1A1 393 UGT1A3 397 UGT1A4 330 UGT1A5 53 UGT1A6 289 UGT1A7 221 UGT1A8 266 UGT1A9 357 UGT1A10 273 UGT2A1 31 UGT2A2 48 UGT2A3 48 UGT2B4 233 UGT2B7 362 UGT2B10 125 UGT2B15 191 UGT2B17 203 UGT2B28 61 CYP3A5 367 CYP3A7 109 P-gp 1400	MCT4 19 P-gp 248

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity
BCRP 713	inhibitor 3045 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11095-009-9896-0 Page: -	no
MRP2 434	inhibitor 3045 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11095-009-9896-0 Page: -	no
P-gp 1514	inhibitor 3045 Sources: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11095-009-9896-0 Page: -	no
MCT4 28	inducer 1440 Sources: https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.115436 Page: -	yes
P-gp 1514	inducer 1440 Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320506000786 Page: -	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
UGT2B17 203	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	major [Km 10 uM]
UGT2A1 31	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	major [Km 38.7 uM]
UGT1A10 273	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	minor
UGT1A3 397	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	minor
UGT1A4 330	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	minor
UGT1A8 266	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	minor
UGT1A9 357	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	minor
UGT2A2 48	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	minor
UGT2B15 191	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	minor
UGT2B7 362	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	minor
UGT1A1 393	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	no
UGT1A5 53	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	no
UGT1A6 289	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	no
UGT1A7 221	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	no
UGT2A3 48	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	no
UGT2B10 125	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	no
UGT2B28 61	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	no
UGT2B4 233	substrate 3113 Sources: https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/37/2/417.short Page: -	no
CYP3A4 1601	substrate 3113 Sources: https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/299/3/825.short Page: -	yes
CYP3A5 367	substrate 3113 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697443/ Page: -	yes
CYP3A7 109	substrate 3113 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697443/ Page: -	yes
P-gp 1400	substrate 3113 Sources: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X19317887 Page: -	yes

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:17347	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:17347
ChemicalBook	CB5380541	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB5380541
ZINC	ZINC000118912393	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000118912393
eMolecules	511977	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=511977

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Effects of hyperprolactinemia on testosterone production in rat Leydig cells.	2001	11135360
Psychophysiological responses to the Stroop Task after a maximal cycle ergometry in elite sportsmen and physically active subjects.	2001 Feb	11166107
Spz1, a novel bHLH-Zip protein, is specifically expressed in testis.	2001 Feb	11165476
Effects of the anti-androgen finasteride on the modulatory actions of oestradiol on androgen metabolism by human gingival fibroblasts.	2001 Feb	11163318
Androgens and the role of female "hyperaggressiveness" in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta).	2001 Feb	11161886
Interactions among paternal behavior, steroid hormones, and parental experience in male marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii).	2001 Feb	11161885
Castration in Gambel's and Scaled Quail: ornate plumage and dominance persist, but courtship and threat behaviors do not.	2001 Feb	11161878
Effects of organic solvents on the activities of cytochrome P450 isoforms, UDP-dependent glucuronyl transferase, and phenol sulfotransferase in human hepatocytes.	2001 Feb	11159803
Photoperiod-induced testicular apoptosis in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).	2001 Feb	11159376
Neuroendocrine regulation of sexually dimorphic brain structure and associated sexual behavior in male rats is genetically controlled.	2001 Feb	11159360
Influence of the degree of stimulation of the pituitary by gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the action of inhibin and testosterone to suppress the secretion of the gonadotropins in rams.	2001 Feb	11159349
Follicular-fluid factors and granulosa-cell gene expression associated with follicle deviation in cattle.	2001 Feb	11159344
Substitution mutation C268Y causes 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency.	2001 Feb	11158067
Sex differences in androgen receptors of the human mamillary bodies are related to endocrine status rather than to sexual orientation or transsexuality.	2001 Feb	11158052
Plasma melatonin concentration before and during testosterone replacement in Klinefelter's syndrome: relation to hepatic indolamine metabolism and sympathoadrenal activity.	2001 Feb	11158039
Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.	2001 Feb	11158037
Evidence that cyproterone acetate improves psychological symptoms and enhances the activity of the dopaminergic system in postmenopause.	2001 Feb	11158017
Androgen deficiency in women with hypopituitarism.	2001 Feb	11158009
Muting of androgen negative feedback unveils impoverished gonadotropin-releasing hormone/luteinizing hormone secretory reactivity in healthy older men.	2001 Feb	11158004
Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with obstructive sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness: role of insulin resistance.	2001 Feb	11158002
Disparate response of wild-type and variant forms of LH to GnRH stimulation in individuals heterozygous for the LHbeta variant allele.	2001 Feb	11157812
Estrogen and androgen elicit growth hormone release via dissimilar patterns of hypothalamic neuropeptide secretion.	2001 Feb	11146085
Testosterone concentrations in women aged 25-50 years: associations with lifestyle, body composition, and ovarian status.	2001 Feb 1	11157413
Neuronal size in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus: direct modulation by androgen in rats with mosaic androgen insensitivity.	2001 Feb 1	11157092
Luteinizing hormone-dependent activity and luteinizing hormone-independent differentiation of rat fetal Leydig cells.	2001 Feb 14	11165053
Porcine gonadal and placental isozymes of aromatase cytochrome P450: sub-cellular distribution and support by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase.	2001 Feb 14	11165045
Changes in androgenic steroid profile due to urine contamination by microorganisms: a prospective study in the context of doping control.	2001 Feb 15	11161304
Insulin action and insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome treated with ethinyl oestradiol/cyproterone acetate.	2001 Jan	11161134
Androgenic anabolic steroids and arterial structure and function in male bodybuilders.	2001 Jan	11153743
Targeted disruption of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene.	2001 Jan	11145749
Glucocorticoids regulate plasma membrane potential during rat thymocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro.	2001 Jan	11145606
Differential effects of dexamethasone treatment on lipopolysaccharide-induced testicular inflammation and reproductive hormone inhibition in adult rats.	2001 Jan	11139783
Regulation of cytochrome P450 aromatase gene expression in adult rat Leydig cells: comparison with estradiol production.	2001 Jan	11139774
Testosterone-induced inhibition of spermatogenesis is more closely related to suppression of FSH than to testicular androgen levels in the cynomolgus monkey model (Macaca fascicularis).	2001 Jan	11139767
Side of ovulation, hormones and sex ratios.	2001 Jan	11139565
The female-to-male transsexual patient: a source of human ovarian cortical tissue for experimental use.	2001 Jan	11139553
On call. I know that men have more heart disease than women and that athletes who use steroids can have heart attacks. Are male hormones responsible for heart disease in ordinary men like me?	2001 Jan	11137969
Short-term 17beta-estradiol decreases glucose R(a) but not whole body metabolism during endurance exercise.	2001 Jan	11133904
Effects of testosterone on production of perivitelline membrane glycoprotein ZPC by granulosa cells of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).	2001 Jan	11133688
Lysyl oxidase and MMP-2 expression in dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovary in rats.	2001 Jan	11133670
17beta-oestradiol acutely regulates Cl- secretion in rat distal colonic epithelium.	2001 Jan 1	11136857
Cross-talk between steroid-receptor-mediated and cell-membrane-receptor-mediated signalling pathways results in the in vivo modulation of c-Met and ornithine decarboxylase gene expression in mouse kidney.	2001 Jan 15	11139396
Expression of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 mRNA in the human brain.	2001 Jan 22	11165025
Distribution of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human osteoblast-like cells.	2001 Jan 22	11165024
Structure-function aspects and inhibitor design of type 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C3).	2001 Jan 22	11165022
Type 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: its role in the formation of androgens in women.	2001 Jan 22	11165014
Reproductive effects of valproate, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine in men with epilepsy.	2001 Jan 9	11148232
Effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on implantation in rats.	2001 Jan-Feb	11137378
Testosterone influences libido and well being in women.	2001 Jan-Feb	11137039
Regulation of the steroid-inducible 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/carbonyl reductase gene in Comamonas testosteroni.	2001 Mar 30	11139589

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Starting dose of testosterone gel is 50 mg of testosterone (4 pump actuations, two 25 mg packets, or one 50 mg packet), applied once daily in the morning.

Route of Administration: Topical

In Vitro Use Guide

10 nM Testosterone significantly reduced secretion of BDNF in in human airway smooth muscle

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Fri Jun 25 21:10:15 UTC 2021` Edited by `admin` on `Fri Jun 25 21:10:15 UTC 2021`
Record UNII	3XMK78S47O
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

TESTOSTERONE

Official Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [JAN]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [MART.]

Common Name

English

ANDROST-4-EN-3-ONE, 17-HYDROXY-, (17.BETA.)-

Systematic Name

English

TESTOSTERONE ENANTATE IMPURITY D [EP]

Common Name

English

INTRINSA

Brand Name

English

ANDROGEL

Brand Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [GREEN BOOK]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

ANDROID-T

Brand Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [EP]

Common Name

English

LIVENSA

Brand Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [HSDB]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [EMA EPAR]

Common Name

English

NSC-9700

Code

English

TESTIM

Code

English

VOGELXO

Brand Name

English

TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE IMPURITY C [EP]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [INCI]

Common Name

English

ANDROLAN

Brand Name

English

17.BETA.-HYDROXYANDROST-4-EN-3-ONE

Systematic Name

English

NATESTO

Brand Name

English

TESTICULOSTERONE

Common Name

English

MERTESTATE

Common Name

English

VIROSTERONE

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [USP]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [INN]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

TESTOSTERONE [MI]

Common Name

English

HOMOSTERONE

Common Name

English

ANDRODERM

Brand Name

English

TESTOSTERONE CIII

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

FDA ORPHAN DRUG

52590