Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | Li |
Molecular Weight | 6.941 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 1 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Li+]
InChI
InChIKey=HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/Li/q+1
DescriptionSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459525 | http://www.isaltis.com/en/module/99999689/28/lithium_gluconate | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330588https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/017812s028,018421s027lbl.pdfCurator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459525 | http://www.isaltis.com/en/module/99999689/28/lithium_gluconate | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330588https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/017812s028,018421s027lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Lithium is an alkali metal widely used in industry. Lithium salts are indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. The use of lithium in psychiatry goes back to the mid-19th century. Early work, however, was soon forgotten, and John Cade is credited with reintroducing lithium to psychiatry for mania in 1949. Mogens Schou undertook a randomly controlled trial for mania in 1954, and in the course of that study became curious about lithium as a prophylactic for depressive illness. In 1970, the United States became the 50th country to admit lithium to the marketplace. The specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effects are not well understood. Lithium appears to preserve or increase the volume of brain structures involved in emotional regulation such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, possibly reflecting its neuroprotective effects. At a neuronal level, lithium reduces excitatory (dopamine and glutamate) but increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission; however, these broad effects are underpinned by complex neurotransmitter systems that strive to achieve homeostasis by way of compensatory changes. For example, at an intracellular and molecular level, lithium targets second-messenger systems that further modulate neurotransmission. For instance, the effects of lithium on the adenyl cyclase and phospho-inositide pathways, as well as protein kinase C, may serve to dampen excessive excitatory neurotransmission. In addition to these many putative mechanisms, it has also been proposed that the neuroprotective effects of lithium are key to its therapeutic actions. In this regard, lithium has been shown to reduce the oxidative stress that occurs with multiple episodes of mania and depression. Further, it increases protective proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and B-cell lymphoma 2, and reduces apoptotic processes through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and autophagy.
Originator
Sources: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Curator's Comment: The first lithium mineral petalite, LiAlSi4O10, was discovered on the Swedish island of Utö by the Brazilian, Jozé Bonifácio de Andralda e Silva in the 1790s. It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when thrown onto a fire. In 1817, Johan August Arfvedson of Stockholm analysed it and deduced it contained a previously unknown metal, which he called lithium. He realised this was a new alkali metal and a lighter version of sodium. However, unlike sodium he was not able to separate it by electrolysis. In 1821 William Brande obtained a tiny amount this way but not enough on which to make measurements. It was not until 1855 that the German chemist Robert Bunsen and the British chemist Augustus Matthiessen obtained it in bulk by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: CHEMBL262 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24094818 |
6.53 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL262 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8710892 |
2.0 mM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: O95861 Gene ID: 10380.0 Gene Symbol: BPNT1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10675562 |
0.3 mM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: GO:0038179 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538689 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Primary | LITHIUM CARBONATE Approved UseLithium is indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. Launch Date1965 |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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[Studies of lithium-induced tremor by means of different measurement methods]. | 1975 |
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Renal failure associated with acetazolamide therapy for glaucoma. | 1975 Apr |
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Sinoatrial block during lithium treatment. | 1975 Aug |
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The renal pathology in a case of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus. | 1975 Jun |
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[Side-effects of lithium therapy]. | 1975 Mar |
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Treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias resulting from amitriptyline toxicity in dogs. | 1984 Nov |
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Urothelial injury to the rabbit bladder from various alkaline and acidic solutions used to dissolve kidney stones. | 1986 Jul |
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Effect of calcium chloride and 4-aminopyridine therapy on desipramine toxicity in rats. | 1996 |
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Pathophysiology and treatment of cocaine toxicity: implications for the heart and cardiovascular system. | 1996 Dec |
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Metabolic alkalosis and myoclonus from antacid ingestion. | 1996 Jun |
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Suppression of herpes simplex virus infections with oral lithium carbonate--a possible antiviral activity. | 1996 Nov-Dec |
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Therapy of Sjögren's syndrome. New aspects and future directions. | 1998 Feb |
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Sodium bicarbonate treatment reduces renal injury, renal production of transforming growth factor-beta, and urinary transforming growth factor-beta excretion in rats with doxorubicin-induced nephropathy. | 1999 Aug |
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Correlation between hypermetabolism and neuronal damage during status epilepticus induced by lithium and pilocarpine in immature and adult rats. | 1999 Feb |
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Effect of different lithium priming schedule on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. | 1999 Jan-Feb |
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Somnambulistic-like behaviour in patients attending a lithium clinic. | 1999 May |
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Optimizing lithium treatment. | 2000 |
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A case of lithium-induced asterixis. | 2000 Apr |
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Hypercalcemia, arrhythmia, and mood stabilizers. | 2000 Apr |
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Olanzapine-induced urinary incontinence: treatment with ephedrine. | 2000 Aug |
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[Hyperthyroidism and hypercalcemia associated with lithium treatment]. | 2000 Jan |
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Visual and auditory hallucinations with the association of bupropion and valproate. | 2000 Mar |
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beta-amyloid peptide-induced death of PC 12 cells and cerebellar granule cell neurons is inhibited by long-term lithium treatment. | 2000 Mar 31 |
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Influence of chronic barbiturate administration on sleep apnea after hypersomnia presentation: case study. | 2000 Sep |
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The effects of sodium bicarbonate on thioridazine-induced cardiac dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat heart. | 2001 Apr |
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Changes in quantitatively assessed tremor during treatment of major depression with lithium augmented by paroxetine or amitriptyline. | 2001 Apr |
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Ménière's disease in childhood. | 2001 Dec 1 |
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Treatment of bipolar depression with twice-weekly fluoxetine: management of antidepressant-induced mania. | 2001 Jan |
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[Nephrotic syndrome and lithium therapy]. | 2001 May 26 |
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Renal tubular peptide catabolism in chronic vascular rejection. | 2001 May-Jul |
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[A case of atropine-resistant bradycardia in a patient on long-term lithium medication]. | 2001 Nov |
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Aborted sudden death, transient Brugada pattern, and wide QRS dysrrhythmias after massive cocaine ingestion. | 2001 Oct |
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Mild to severe lithium-induced nephropathy models and urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in rats. | 2001 Oct |
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Lithium-induced tremor treated with vitamin B6: a preliminary case series. | 2002 |
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Lithium-induced nephrotic syndrome in a young pediatric patient. | 2002 Apr |
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Physostigmine, sodium bicarbonate, or hypertonic saline to treat diphenhydramine toxicity. | 2002 Feb |
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Connection between lithium and muscular incoordination. | 2002 Feb |
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Intracerebroventricular antisense to inositol monophosphatase-1 reduces enzyme activity but does not affect Li-sensitive behavior. | 2002 Jan |
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Aminophylline aggravates long-term morphological and cognitive damages in status epilepticus in immature rats. | 2002 Mar 22 |
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Hydroethidine detection of superoxide production during the lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus. | 2002 May |
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The prevention of pain from injection of rocuronium by magnesium sulphate, lignocaine, sodium bicarbonate and alfentanil. | 2003 Jun |
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Hyper-alkalinization without hyper-hydration for the prevention of high-dose methotrexate acute nephrotoxicity in patients with osteosarcoma. | 2010 Nov |
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the ischemic brain under lithium treatment. Link to mitochondrial disorders under stroke. | 2015 Jul 25 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Optimal patient response to Lithium Carbonate usually can be established and maintained with 600 mg t.i.d. Optimal patient response to Lithium Oral Solution usually can be established and maintained with 10 mL (2 full teaspoons) (16 mEq of lithium) t.i.d. Such doses will normally produce an effective serum lithium level ranging between 1.0 and 1.5 mEq/l. Dosage must be individualized according to serum levels and clinical response. Regular monitoring of the patient’s clinical state and of serum lithium levels is necessary. Serum levels should be determined twice per week during the acute phase, and until the serum level and clinical condition of the patient have been stabilized.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27793772
Although lithium at a high concentration (10 mM) activated β-catenin in different types of neurons, β-catenin shifted to the nucleus at a therapeutically relevant concentration (1 mM) only in thalamic neurons, both in vivo and in vitro.
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499 (Number of products:145)
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DTXSID10169612
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Lithium (medication)
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DB01356
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