Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | 2Li.S |
Molecular Weight | 45.947 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Li+].[Li+].[S--]
InChI
InChIKey=GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/2Li.S/q2*+1;-2
Molecular Formula | HS |
Molecular Weight | 33.073 |
Charge | -1 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Molecular Formula | Li |
Molecular Weight | 6.941 |
Charge | 1 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459525 | http://www.isaltis.com/en/module/99999689/28/lithium_gluconate | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330588https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/017812s028,018421s027lbl.pdfCurator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459525 | http://www.isaltis.com/en/module/99999689/28/lithium_gluconate | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330588https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/017812s028,018421s027lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Lithium is an alkali metal widely used in industry. Lithium salts are indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. The use of lithium in psychiatry goes back to the mid-19th century. Early work, however, was soon forgotten, and John Cade is credited with reintroducing lithium to psychiatry for mania in 1949. Mogens Schou undertook a randomly controlled trial for mania in 1954, and in the course of that study became curious about lithium as a prophylactic for depressive illness. In 1970, the United States became the 50th country to admit lithium to the marketplace. The specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effects are not well understood. Lithium appears to preserve or increase the volume of brain structures involved in emotional regulation such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, possibly reflecting its neuroprotective effects. At a neuronal level, lithium reduces excitatory (dopamine and glutamate) but increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission; however, these broad effects are underpinned by complex neurotransmitter systems that strive to achieve homeostasis by way of compensatory changes. For example, at an intracellular and molecular level, lithium targets second-messenger systems that further modulate neurotransmission. For instance, the effects of lithium on the adenyl cyclase and phospho-inositide pathways, as well as protein kinase C, may serve to dampen excessive excitatory neurotransmission. In addition to these many putative mechanisms, it has also been proposed that the neuroprotective effects of lithium are key to its therapeutic actions. In this regard, lithium has been shown to reduce the oxidative stress that occurs with multiple episodes of mania and depression. Further, it increases protective proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and B-cell lymphoma 2, and reduces apoptotic processes through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and autophagy.
Originator
Sources: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Curator's Comment: The first lithium mineral petalite, LiAlSi4O10, was discovered on the Swedish island of Utö by the Brazilian, Jozé Bonifácio de Andralda e Silva in the 1790s. It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when thrown onto a fire. In 1817, Johan August Arfvedson of Stockholm analysed it and deduced it contained a previously unknown metal, which he called lithium. He realised this was a new alkali metal and a lighter version of sodium. However, unlike sodium he was not able to separate it by electrolysis. In 1821 William Brande obtained a tiny amount this way but not enough on which to make measurements. It was not until 1855 that the German chemist Robert Bunsen and the British chemist Augustus Matthiessen obtained it in bulk by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL262 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24094818 |
6.53 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL262 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8710892 |
2.0 mM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: O95861 Gene ID: 10380.0 Gene Symbol: BPNT1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10675562 |
0.3 mM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: GO:0038179 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538689 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | LITHIUM CARBONATE Approved UseLithium is indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. Launch Date-1.26316798E11 |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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[Modifications of serum creatine phosphokinase activity under the influence of lithium gluconate in Duchenne's myopathy]. | 1972 Nov |
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[Lithium gluconate: systematic and factorial analysis of 104 cases which have been studied for 2 and one-half to 3 years in patients regularly observed and showing periodic cyclothymia or dysthymia]. | 1974 Mar |
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[Lithium therapy in manic depressive diseases in old age]. | 1975 |
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[Studies of lithium-induced tremor by means of different measurement methods]. | 1975 |
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[Lithium induced diabetes insipidus with response to antidiuretic hormone]. | 1975 Apr 28 |
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Sinoatrial block during lithium treatment. | 1975 Aug |
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The renal pathology in a case of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus. | 1975 Jun |
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Lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: changes in plasma vasopressin and angiotensin II. | 1975 Jun |
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[Treatment of lithium induced polyuria]. | 1975 Mar 10 |
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Cardiovascular malformations with lithium use during pregnancy. | 1975 May |
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[Treatment of drug-resistant depressive states with lithium gluconate]. | 1977 Mar |
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[Do lithium salts have a place in the treatment of severe hyperthyroidism? (author's transl)]. | 1977 Oct 8 |
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[Cardiac electrophysiological effects of lithium gluconate in anesthetized dogs]. | 1978 Sep-Oct |
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[Evaluation of the potential cardiotoxicity of propranolol-lithium gluconate association (author's transl)]. | 1980 Mar-Apr |
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[Ultrastructural modifications in the thyroid glands of mice treated with lithium gluconate]. | 1982 Feb 8 |
|
[Crystalline inclusions of the mouse thyroid. Effect of chronic treatment with lithium gluconate]. | 1986 |
|
Familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis: prevention of paralytic attacks with lithium gluconate. | 1991 Jan |
|
Does 'rebound mania' occur after stopping carbamazepine? A pilot study. | 2000 |
|
Patterns of status epilepticus-induced substance P expression during development. | 2000 |
|
Olanzapine-induced urinary incontinence: treatment with ephedrine. | 2000 Aug |
|
Lithium therapy. | 2000 Dec |
|
Regulation of AQP6 mRNA and protein expression in rats in response to altered acid-base or water balance. | 2000 Dec |
|
Glomerular structure in lithium-induced chronic renal failure in rats. | 2000 Oct |
|
[Delirium syndrome as a side-effect of lithium in normal lithium levels]. | 2000 Sep |
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Altered expression of renal AQPs and Na(+) transporters in rats with lithium-induced NDI. | 2000 Sep |
|
Antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar patients: identification of risk factors. | 2001 Apr |
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Changes in quantitatively assessed tremor during treatment of major depression with lithium augmented by paroxetine or amitriptyline. | 2001 Apr |
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Influence of strain, sex and age on nephrotoxicity of lithium in a one-hour model in rats. | 2001 Dec |
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Prevention of cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome by lithium: involvement of oxytocinergic neuronal activation. | 2001 Dec 15 |
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Activation of hypothalamic neuronal nitric oxide synthase in lithium-induced diabetes insipidus rats. | 2001 Feb |
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The transient receptor potential protein homologue TRP6 is the essential component of vascular alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-activated Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel. | 2001 Feb 16 |
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Treatment of bipolar depression with twice-weekly fluoxetine: management of antidepressant-induced mania. | 2001 Jan |
|
Lithium inhibits cell cycle progression and induces stabilization of p53 in bovine aortic endothelial cells. | 2001 Jul 13 |
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A historical cohort study of kidney damage in long-term lithium patients: continued surveillance needed. | 2001 Jun |
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Molecular cloning of a novel isoform of diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase: a potential target of lithium therapy. | 2001 Jun |
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Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. | 2001 Mar |
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[Nephrotic syndrome and lithium therapy]. | 2001 May 26 |
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[A case of atropine-resistant bradycardia in a patient on long-term lithium medication]. | 2001 Nov |
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Vigabatrin protects against hippocampal damage but is not antiepileptogenic in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. | 2001 Nov |
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Mild to severe lithium-induced nephropathy models and urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in rats. | 2001 Oct |
|
Sinus node dysfunction associated with lithium therapy in a child. | 2002 |
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Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. | 2002 Dec |
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Lithium induces NF-kappa B activation and interleukin-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells. | 2002 Mar 8 |
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Hydroethidine detection of superoxide production during the lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus. | 2002 May |
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Aminophylline exacerbates status epilepticus-induced neuronal damages in immature rats: a morphological, motor and behavioral study. | 2002 May |
|
[Progressive renal failure caused by lithium nephropathy]. | 2002 May 25 |
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Sexual side effects associated with valproate. | 2002 Oct |
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Status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine in the immature rat does not change the long-term susceptibility to seizures. | 2002 Sep |
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Left-sided splenorenal fusion with marked extramedullary hematopoiesis and concurrent lithium toxicity. A case report and review of the literature. | 2003 Jan |
|
Lithium-induced periodic alternating nystagmus. | 2003 Jan 28 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Optimal patient response to Lithium Carbonate usually can be established and maintained with 600 mg t.i.d. Optimal patient response to Lithium Oral Solution usually can be established and maintained with 10 mL (2 full teaspoons) (16 mEq of lithium) t.i.d. Such doses will normally produce an effective serum lithium level ranging between 1.0 and 1.5 mEq/l. Dosage must be individualized according to serum levels and clinical response. Regular monitoring of the patient’s clinical state and of serum lithium levels is necessary. Serum levels should be determined twice per week during the acute phase, and until the serum level and clinical condition of the patient have been stabilized.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27793772
Although lithium at a high concentration (10 mM) activated β-catenin in different types of neurons, β-catenin shifted to the nucleus at a therapeutically relevant concentration (1 mM) only in thalamic neurons, both in vivo and in vitro.
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
by
admin
on
Edited
Sat Dec 17 12:24:33 UTC 2022
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on
Sat Dec 17 12:24:33 UTC 2022
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Record UNII |
SW6C51V9JZ
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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Record Version |
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235-228-1
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LITHIUM SULFIDE
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12136-58-2
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DTXSID7065251
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C550775
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Related Record | Type | Details | ||
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PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE |