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Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C4H5O4.Li
Molecular Weight 124.021
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of MONOLITHIUM SUCCINATE

SMILES

[Li+].OC(=O)CCC([O-])=O

InChI

InChIKey=LQNUMILKBSMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1S/C4H6O4.Li/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8;/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8);/q;+1/p-1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C4H5O4
Molecular Weight 117.0801
Charge -1
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Molecular Formula Li
Molecular Weight 6.941
Charge 1
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium

Lithium is an alkali metal widely used in industry. Lithium salts are indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. The use of lithium in psychiatry goes back to the mid-19th century. Early work, however, was soon forgotten, and John Cade is credited with reintroducing lithium to psychiatry for mania in 1949. Mogens Schou undertook a randomly controlled trial for mania in 1954, and in the course of that study became curious about lithium as a prophylactic for depressive illness. In 1970, the United States became the 50th country to admit lithium to the marketplace. The specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effects are not well understood. Lithium appears to preserve or increase the volume of brain structures involved in emotional regulation such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, possibly reflecting its neuroprotective effects. At a neuronal level, lithium reduces excitatory (dopamine and glutamate) but increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission; however, these broad effects are underpinned by complex neurotransmitter systems that strive to achieve homeostasis by way of compensatory changes. For example, at an intracellular and molecular level, lithium targets second-messenger systems that further modulate neurotransmission. For instance, the effects of lithium on the adenyl cyclase and phospho-inositide pathways, as well as protein kinase C, may serve to dampen excessive excitatory neurotransmission. In addition to these many putative mechanisms, it has also been proposed that the neuroprotective effects of lithium are key to its therapeutic actions. In this regard, lithium has been shown to reduce the oxidative stress that occurs with multiple episodes of mania and depression. Further, it increases protective proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and B-cell lymphoma 2, and reduces apoptotic processes through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and autophagy.

Originator

Curator's Comment: The first lithium mineral petalite, LiAlSi4O10, was discovered on the Swedish island of Utö by the Brazilian, Jozé Bonifácio de Andralda e Silva in the 1790s. It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when thrown onto a fire. In 1817, Johan August Arfvedson of Stockholm analysed it and deduced it contained a previously unknown metal, which he called lithium. He realised this was a new alkali metal and a lighter version of sodium. However, unlike sodium he was not able to separate it by electrolysis. In 1821 William Brande obtained a tiny amount this way but not enough on which to make measurements. It was not until 1855 that the German chemist Robert Bunsen and the British chemist Augustus Matthiessen obtained it in bulk by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
6.53 µM [IC50]
2.0 mM [Ki]
Target ID: O95861
Gene ID: 10380.0
Gene Symbol: BPNT1
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
0.3 mM [IC50]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
LITHIUM CARBONATE

Approved Use

Lithium is indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder.

Launch Date

1965
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
[Lithium induced diabetes insipidus with response to antidiuretic hormone].
1975 Apr 28
Sinoatrial block during lithium treatment.
1975 Aug
[Side-effects of lithium therapy].
1975 Mar
[Treatment of lithium induced polyuria].
1975 Mar 10
[Do lithium salts have a place in the treatment of severe hyperthyroidism? (author's transl)].
1977 Oct 8
[Cardiac electrophysiological effects of lithium gluconate in anesthetized dogs].
1978 Sep-Oct
Sodium bicarbonate alleviates penile pain induced by intracavernous injections for erectile dysfunction.
1993 May
Effects of magnesium sulfate and lidocaine in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in experimental amitriptyline poisoning in the rat.
1994 Mar
Pathophysiology and treatment of cocaine toxicity: implications for the heart and cardiovascular system.
1996 Dec
Suppression of herpes simplex virus infections with oral lithium carbonate--a possible antiviral activity.
1996 Nov-Dec
Correlation between hypermetabolism and neuronal damage during status epilepticus induced by lithium and pilocarpine in immature and adult rats.
1999 Feb
Clozapine, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and pancerebellar syndrome.
1999 Nov-Dec
Lamotrigine as prophylaxis against steroid-induced mania.
1999 Oct
Clozapine-induced acute interstitial nephritis.
1999 Oct 2
Lithium-treated mood disorders, paroxysmal rhinorrhea, and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
1999 Summer
Does 'rebound mania' occur after stopping carbamazepine? A pilot study.
2000
Remission of tardive dyskinesia after changing from flupenthixol to olanzapine.
2000 Aug
Anticonvulsive activity of Albizzia lebbeck, Hibiscus rosa sinesis and Butea monosperma in experimental animals.
2000 Jul
beta-amyloid peptide-induced death of PC 12 cells and cerebellar granule cell neurons is inhibited by long-term lithium treatment.
2000 Mar 31
[Delirium syndrome as a side-effect of lithium in normal lithium levels].
2000 Sep
Changes in quantitatively assessed tremor during treatment of major depression with lithium augmented by paroxetine or amitriptyline.
2001 Apr
Lithium isotopes: differential effects on renal function and histology.
2001 Aug
Ataxia from lithium toxicity successfully treated with high-dose buspirone: a single-case experimental design.
2001 Aug
Prevention of cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome by lithium: involvement of oxytocinergic neuronal activation.
2001 Dec 15
Activation of hypothalamic neuronal nitric oxide synthase in lithium-induced diabetes insipidus rats.
2001 Feb
The transient receptor potential protein homologue TRP6 is the essential component of vascular alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-activated Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel.
2001 Feb 16
Treatment of bipolar depression with twice-weekly fluoxetine: management of antidepressant-induced mania.
2001 Jan
Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in older people.
2001 Jul
Lithium-induced exacerbation of stutter.
2001 Jul-Aug
A historical cohort study of kidney damage in long-term lithium patients: continued surveillance needed.
2001 Jun
Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
2001 Mar
[A case of atropine-resistant bradycardia in a patient on long-term lithium medication].
2001 Nov
Tetraspan protein CD151: a common target of mood stabilizing drugs?
2001 Nov
Vigabatrin protects against hippocampal damage but is not antiepileptogenic in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy.
2001 Nov
Lithium use in octogenarians.
2001 Oct
Synergistic induction of severe hypothermia (poikilothermia) by limbic seizures, acepromazine and physical restraint: role of noradrenergic alpha-1 receptors.
2001 Oct-Nov
[Lithium treatment and hyperparathyroidism].
2001 Sep 20
Sinus node dysfunction associated with lithium therapy in a child.
2002
Lithium-induced tremor treated with vitamin B6: a preliminary case series.
2002
Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy.
2002 Dec
Hydroethidine detection of superoxide production during the lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus.
2002 May
Aminophylline exacerbates status epilepticus-induced neuronal damages in immature rats: a morphological, motor and behavioral study.
2002 May
Olanzapine-induced mania in bipolar disorders.
2002 May
[Progressive renal failure caused by lithium nephropathy].
2002 May 25
[Manic state during the addition of lithium in the case of depression resistant to imipramine].
2002 Nov 9
Risk factors for falls during treatment of late-life depression.
2002 Oct
Reverse pharmacological effect of loop diuretics and altered rBSC1 expression in rats with lithium nephropathy.
2003 Jan
Lithium-induced periodic alternating nystagmus.
2003 Jan 28
Anti-inflammatory effects of lithium gluconate on keratinocytes: a possible explanation for efficiency in seborrhoeic dermatitis.
2008 Jun
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the ischemic brain under lithium treatment. Link to mitochondrial disorders under stroke.
2015 Jul 25
Patents

Sample Use Guides

Optimal patient response to Lithium Carbonate usually can be established and maintained with 600 mg t.i.d. Optimal patient response to Lithium Oral Solution usually can be established and maintained with 10 mL (2 full teaspoons) (16 mEq of lithium) t.i.d. Such doses will normally produce an effective serum lithium level ranging between 1.0 and 1.5 mEq/l. Dosage must be individualized according to serum levels and clinical response. Regular monitoring of the patient’s clinical state and of serum lithium levels is necessary. Serum levels should be determined twice per week during the acute phase, and until the serum level and clinical condition of the patient have been stabilized.
Route of Administration: Oral
Although lithium at a high concentration (10 mM) activated β-catenin in different types of neurons, β-catenin shifted to the nucleus at a therapeutically relevant concentration (1 mM) only in thalamic neurons, both in vivo and in vitro.
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023
Edited
by admin
on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023
Record UNII
27MNF4VNM5
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
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Name Type Language
MONOLITHIUM SUCCINATE
Systematic Name English
BUTANEDIOIC ACID, LITHIUM SALT (1:1)
Common Name English
LITHIUM SUCCINATE, MONOBASIC
Common Name English
LITHIUM HYDROGEN SUCCINATE
Systematic Name English
BUTANEDIOIC ACID, MONOLITHIUM SALT
Common Name English
Code System Code Type Description
PUBCHEM
25021852
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
27MNF4VNM5
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID90169251
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
16090-09-8
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023
NON-SPECIFIC STOICHIOMETRY
CAS
17229-80-0
Created by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023 , Edited by admin on Fri Dec 15 17:43:41 GMT 2023
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE