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Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C4H6O4
Molecular Weight 118.088
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of Succinic Acid

SMILES

OC(=O)CCC(O)=O

InChI

InChIKey=KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula C4H6O4
Molecular Weight 118.088
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description
Curator's Comment: The description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461009 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771373 | https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults.xhtml?searchQuery=PB254541 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464017

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), an energy-yielding process shared by all organisms. Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh's disease, and Mela's disease and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury. Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins. Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications. As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry. It is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.[11] As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion. Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
3.0 µM [IC50]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Inactive ingredient
Reamberin

Approved Use

Unknown
Inactive ingredient
Metoprolol Succinate ER

Approved Use

Unknown
Inactive ingredient
VESIcare

Approved Use

Unknown
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Oxidative and glycolytic metabolism of semen components by washed guinea pig spermatozoa.
1975 Feb
Structures and proton-pumping strategies of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes.
2001
Respiratory enzymes from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.
2001
[Combined treatment of purulent-necrotic lesions of lower extremities in diabetic patients].
2001
Ultrastructural localization of succinate dehydrogenase in some bacteria, after treatment with Lubrol W1.
2001
Synthesis of ethyl alkylidene alpha cyanoacetates under ultrasound irradiation.
2001 Apr
A transient inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis by nitric oxide synthase activation triggered apoptosis in primary cortical neurons.
2001 Apr
Enhancement of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine neurotoxicity by the energy inhibitor malonate.
2001 Apr
N-Acetylaspartate, a marker of both cellular dysfunction and neuronal loss: its relevance to studies of acute brain injury.
2001 Apr
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities.
2001 Apr
Glutamine supplementation promotes anaplerosis but not oxidative energy delivery in human skeletal muscle.
2001 Apr
Attenuation of malonate toxicity in primary mesencephalic cultures using the GABA transport blocker, NO-711.
2001 Apr 1
Probing the active site of L-aspartate oxidase by site-directed mutagenesis: role of basic residues in fumarate reduction.
2001 Apr 17
Fungal respiration: a fusion of standard and alternative components.
2001 Apr 2
Energetic metabolism in mouse cerebral cortex during chronic hypoxia.
2001 Apr 6
New insights into the regulation of plant succinate dehydrogenase. On the role of the protonmotive force.
2001 Aug 31
Effects of cresols (o-, m-, and p-isomers) on the bioenergetic system in isolated rat liver mitochondria.
2001 Feb
"Chemical preconditioning" by 3-nitropropionate reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardiac-arrested rat lungs.
2001 Feb 15
Exercise and ovarian steroid hormones: their effects on mitochondrial respiration.
2001 Feb 16
Paradoxical effects of copper and manganese on brain mitochondrial function.
2001 Feb 23
Dimeric pig heart succinate-coenzyme A transferase uses only one subunit to support catalysis.
2001 Feb 27
Time-course changes in arteriolar and venular portions of capillary in young treadmill-trained rats.
2001 Jan
Developmental aspects of the rat endolymphatic sac and functional implications.
2001 Jan
[High cell density culture of phosphotransacetylase mutants of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)].
2001 Jan
Reactivity of some sugars and sugar phosphates towards gold(III) in sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer medium.
2001 Jan 15
Cumulative and irreversible cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction induced by doxorubicin.
2001 Jan 15
Changes in various measures of immune status in mice subject to chronic social conflict.
2001 Jan-Feb
Alloxan-induced mitochondrial permeability transition triggered by calcium, thiol oxidation, and matrix ATP.
2001 Jul 20
Simultaneous chromium(VI) reduction and phenol degradation in a fixed-film coculture bioreactor: reactor performance.
2001 Jun
Ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III). Effect of inhibitors on cytochrome b reduction in submitochondrial particles and the role of ubiquinone in complex III.
2001 Jun 1
Retention of heme in axial ligand mutants of succinate-ubiquinone xxidoreductase (complex II) from Escherichia coli.
2001 Jun 1
Kinetic analyses of mitochondrial 75selenium uptake in Trigonella foenum-graecum seedlings exposed to selenium and mimosine.
2001 Mar
Metabolic enzymes and phenotypic expression among human locomotor muscles.
2001 Mar
A general method for the quantitative analysis of functional chimeras: applications from site-directed mutagenesis and macromolecular association.
2001 Mar
A third crystal form of Wolinella succinogenes quinol:fumarate reductase reveals domain closure at the site of fumarate reduction.
2001 Mar
Depletion of glutathione up-regulates mitochondrial complex I expression in glial cells.
2001 Mar
Different sensitivity of rabbit heart and skeletal muscle to endotoxin-induced impairment of mitochondrial function.
2001 Mar
Barth's syndrome-like disorder: a new phenotype with a maternally inherited A3243G substitution of mitochondrial DNA (MELAS mutation).
2001 Mar 1
Conjugative metabolism of 1,2-dibromoethane in mitochondria: disruption of oxidative phosphorylation and alkylation of mitochondrial DNA.
2001 Mar 1
Isolation and phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudorevertants containing suppressors of the catabolite repression control-defective crc-10 allele.
2001 Mar 15
Disruption of mitochondrial respiration by melatonin in MCF-7 cells.
2001 Mar 15
Myxothiazol induces H(2)O(2) production from mitochondrial respiratory chain.
2001 Mar 2
Topology of the Na(+)/dicarboxylate cotransporter: the N-terminus and hydrophilic loop 4 are located intracellularly.
2001 Mar 9
Dynamic responses of Pseudomonas fluorescens DF57 to nitrogen or carbon source addition.
2001 Mar 9
Possible involvement of protein phosphorylation in aluminum-responsive malate efflux from wheat root apex.
2001 May
Chemical preconditioning with 3-nitropropionic acid in hearts: role of mitochondrial K(ATP) channel.
2001 May
Kinetic and crystallographic studies on deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS).
2001 May 18
J-domain protein, Jac1p, of yeast mitochondria required for iron homeostasis and activity of Fe-S cluster proteins.
2001 May 18
The 'strict' anaerobe Desulfovibrio gigas contains a membrane-bound oxygen-reducing respiratory chain.
2001 May 4
Patents

Sample Use Guides

Human: 0.20mh/kg/day up tp 12.2mg
Route of Administration: Oral
Antiviral activity was measured in a plaque inhibition assay. Confluent Vero cell monolayer in 6-well multidishes were infected with 100 PFU in 1 mL of MEM medium. After adsorption at 37 °C for 2 h, residual inoculum was replaced with 1 mL of MEM medium containing 0.2% gamma-globulin and 1 mL of a dilution of varying concentrations of the Succinic acid. Virus-infected wells without compounds were used as cytopathogenicity controls. Viral cytopathogenicity (CPE) was completed 1-2 days after viral infection
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025
Edited
by admin
on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025
Record UNII
AB6MNQ6J6L
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
Succinic Acid
FCC   HSDB   II   INCI   MART.   MI   USP-RS   VANDF   WHO-DD  
INCI  
Official Name English
SUCCINICUM ACIDUM
HPUS  
Preferred Name English
SUCCINIC ACID [MI]
Common Name English
DIHYDROFUMARIC ACID
Common Name English
ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
Succinic acid [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
FEMA NO. 4719
Code English
SUCCINIC ACID [II]
Common Name English
SUCCINIC ACID [USP-RS]
Common Name English
SUCCINIC ACID [FCC]
Common Name English
1,2-ETHANEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
Systematic Name English
AMBER ACID
Common Name English
SUCCINIC ACID [HSDB]
Common Name English
SUCCINIC ACID [VANDF]
Common Name English
SUCCINICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
Common Name English
NSC-106449
Code English
SUCCINIC ACID [MART.]
Common Name English
SUCCINIC ACID [USP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
BUTANEDIOIC ACID
Systematic Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
CFR 21 CFR 172.230
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025
DSLD 3384 (Number of products:37)
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025
NCI_THESAURUS C345
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CFR 21 CFR 184.1091
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Code System Code Type Description
MESH
D019802
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PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000078761
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PRIMARY
DAILYMED
AB6MNQ6J6L
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PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C61954
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PRIMARY
RS_ITEM_NUM
1623411
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PRIMARY
CAS
110-15-6
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PRIMARY
GRAS Notification (GRN No.)
552
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PRIMARY
FDA UNII
AB6MNQ6J6L
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID6023602
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PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB00139
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PRIMARY
RS_ITEM_NUM
1623422
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ALTERNATIVE
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
203-740-4
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PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB12599MIG
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PRIMARY
RXCUI
37255
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025
PRIMARY RxNorm
MERCK INDEX
m10269
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025
PRIMARY Merck Index
DRUG CENTRAL
2487
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PRIMARY
CHEBI
15741
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PRIMARY
NSC
106449
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PRIMARY
WIKIPEDIA
SUCCINIC ACID
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 18:46:37 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
1110
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PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL576
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PRIMARY
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