U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C18H18ClN3O.C4H6O4
Molecular Weight 445.896
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of LOXAPINE SUCCINATE

SMILES

OC(=O)CCC(O)=O.CN1CCN(CC1)C2=NC3=C(OC4=C2C=C(Cl)C=C4)C=CC=C3

InChI

InChIKey=YQZBAXDVDZTKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C18H18ClN3O.C4H6O4/c1-21-8-10-22(11-9-21)18-14-12-13(19)6-7-16(14)23-17-5-3-2-4-15(17)20-18;5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h2-7,12H,8-11H2,1H3;1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)

HIDE SMILES / InChI
Molecular Formula C4H6O4
Molecular Weight 118.088
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE
Molecular Formula C18H18ClN3O
Molecular Weight 327.808
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859275

Loxapine is a dibenzoxazepine tricyclic antipsychotic agent, available for oral and inhalatory administration, classified as a typical antipsychotic. Loxapine acts as an antagonist at central serotonin and dopamine receptors. Adasuve (loxapine inhalation powder) is a prescription medicine that is used to treat acute agitation in adults with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

1975
50
Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
D(1A) dopamine receptor
18
Target ID: P21728
Gene ID: 1812.0
Gene Symbol: DRD1
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Antagonist
2760
 18.0 nM [Ki]
D(2) dopamine receptor
58
Target ID: P14416
Gene ID: 1813.0
Gene Symbol: DRD2
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Antagonist
2760
 10.0 nM [Ki]
D(3) dopamine receptor
17
Target ID: P35462
Gene ID: 1814.0
Gene Symbol: DRD3
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Antagonist
2760
 21.0 nM [Ki]
D(4) dopamine receptor
3
Target ID: P21917
Gene ID: 1815.0
Gene Symbol: DRD4
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Antagonist
2760
 9.0 nM [Ki]
Histamine H1 receptor
313
Target ID: P35367
Gene ID: 3269.0
Gene Symbol: HRH1
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Antagonist
2760
 15.0 nM [Ki]
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
168
Target ID: P11229
Gene ID: 1128.0
Gene Symbol: CHRM1
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Antagonist
2760
 117.0 nM [Ki]
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
25
Target ID: P08913
Gene ID: 150.0
Gene Symbol: ADRA2A
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Antagonist
2760
 250.0 nM [Ki]
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
69
Target ID: P28223
Gene ID: 3356.0
Gene Symbol: HTR2A
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Antagonist
2760
 2.0 nM [Ki]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
Approved
8360
LOXITANE

Approved Use

Loxapine Capsules, USP are indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia. The efficacy of loxapine in schizophrenia was established in clinical studies which enrolled newly hospitalized and chronically hospitalized acutely ill schizophrenic patients as subjects.

Launch Date

1.62518401E11
Primary
Approved
8360
Adasuve

Approved Use

Schizophrenia

Launch Date

1.3559616E12
Primary
Approved
8360
Adasuve

Approved Use

Bipolar I disorder

Launch Date

1.3559616E12
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
257 ng/mL
DRUG LABEL
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022549s000lbl.pdf
10 mg single, respiratory
dose: 10 mg
route of administration: Respiratory
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
LOXAPINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
188 ng × h/mL
DRUG LABEL
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022549s000lbl.pdf
10 mg single, respiratory
dose: 10 mg
route of administration: Respiratory
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
LOXAPINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
7.61 h
DRUG LABEL
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022549s000lbl.pdf
10 mg single, respiratory
dose: 10 mg
route of administration: Respiratory
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
LOXAPINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
Funbound

Funbound

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
3.4%
DRUG LABEL
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022549s000lbl.pdf
10 mg single, respiratory
dose: 10 mg
route of administration: Respiratory
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
LOXAPINE plasma
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: UNKNOWN
food status: UNKNOWN
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG
substrate
1709

inhibitor
1579
substrate
1010

inhibitor
1752
substrate
1193

inhibitor
1837
inhibitor
1599

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer
P-gp
1437

CYP1A1
110

CYP1A2
1509

CYP2A6
704

CYP2B6
799

CYP2C8
901

CYP2C19
1463

CYP2E1
876
CYP1A2
1032

FMO
35

P-gp
1527

CYP3A4/5
85

CYP2C8
688

CYP2C19
985
Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
CYP1A1
218
 no
CYP1A2
1673
 no
CYP2A6
736
 no
CYP2B6
985
 no
CYP2C19
1537
 no
CYP2C8
955
 no
CYP2C9
1803
 no
CYP2D6
1875
 no
CYP2E1
964
 no
CYP3A4
1909
 no
P-gp
1626
 yes
Drug as victim

Drug as victim

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
CYP2C19
985
 minor
P-gp
1527
 no
no (co-administration study)
Comment: ketoconazole did not affect loxapine transport
Page: 20.0
CYP1A2
1032
 yes
CYP2C8
688
 yes
CYP2C9
1010
 yes
CYP2D6
1193
 yes
CYP3A4
1709
 yes
CYP3A4/5
85
 yes
FMO
35
 yes
Tox targets

Tox targets

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
hERG
1632
Sourcing

Sourcing

Vendor/AggregatorIDURL
ChEBI
CHEBI:50841
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:50841
MolPort
MolPort-002-885-838
https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-002-885-838
ZINC
ZINC000019796158
http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000019796158
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Simultaneous quantitation of loxapine, amoxapine and their 7- and 8-hydroxy metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
1991 Mar 8
Treatment of the special patient with schizophrenia.
2001 Jun
Treatment-refractory schizophrenia.
2004 Mar
Increasing psychosis in a patient switched from clozaril to generic clozapine.
2006 Apr
Lack of enhanced effect of antipsychotics combined with fluvoxamine on acetylcholine release in rat prefrontal cortex.
2006 Dec
Time to discontinuation of atypical versus typical antipsychotics in the naturalistic treatment of schizophrenia.
2006 Feb 21
[Efficacy and adverse reactions of antipsychotics for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a systematic review].
2006 Jul 15
[Therapeutics approach of adult patients with acute and chronic psychotic states: REALITE survey].
2006 Jul-Aug
[Clinical and socio-demographic profile of patients with schizophrenia according to the antipsychotic treatment prescribed].
2006 May-Jun
Systematic review of antipsychotics for the treatment of hospital-associated delirium in medically or surgically ill patients.
2006 Nov
Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and single crystal X-ray crystallographic studies of some new sulfonyl, 4-chloro phenoxy benzene and dibenzoazepine substituted benzamides.
2006 Nov
Loxapine treatment in an autistic child with aggressive behavior: therapeutic challenges.
2006 Oct
Efficacy of typical and atypical antipsychotics for primary and comorbid anxiety symptoms or disorders: a review.
2006 Sep
Effect of loxapine on electrical brain activity, intracranial pressure, and middle cerebral artery flow velocity in traumatic brain-injured patients.
2007
Risk of extrapyramidal syndrome in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotics: a population-based study.
2007 Apr
Simultaneous determination of the antipsychotic drugs levomepromazine and clozapine and their main metabolites in human plasma by a HPLC-UV method with solid-phase extraction.
2007 Feb 1
Risk of death associated with the use of conventional versus atypical antipsychotic drugs among elderly patients.
2007 Feb 27
Correlations between weight changes and lipid profile changes in schizophrenic patients after antipsychotics therapy.
2007 Jan-Feb
Simultaneous determination of methadone, buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in biological fluids for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes.
2007 Mar 1
Simultaneous analysis of classical neuroleptics, atypical antipsychotics and their metabolites in human plasma.
2007 May
Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia.
2007 Oct
Determination of clozapine and its metabolite, norclozapine in various biological matrices using high-performance liquid chromatography.
2007 Oct
Loxapine for schizophrenia.
2007 Oct 17
HPLC analysis of the novel antidepressant duloxetine in human plasma after an original solid-phase extraction procedure.
2007 Sep 1
Analysis of the recent antipsychotic aripiprazole in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection.
2008 Apr 7
HPLC analysis of the antidepressant trazodone and its main metabolite m-CPP in human plasma.
2008 Aug 5
The effect of antipsychotic medication on sexual function and serum prolactin levels in community-treated schizophrenic patients: results from the Schizophrenia Trial of Aripiprazole (STAR) study (NCT00237913).
2008 Dec 22
Modifications of antiepileptic drugs for improved tolerability and efficacy.
2008 Feb 14
Incorporating clinical guidelines through clinician decision-making.
2008 Feb 29
Efficacy and tolerability of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with schizophrenia.
2008 Jan
Hospitalization risk associated with typical and atypical antipsychotic use in community-dwelling elderly patients.
2008 Oct
Rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (LCMS) method for clozapine and its metabolite N-desmethyl clozapine (norclozapine) in human serum.
2009
The association between class of antipsychotic and rates of hospitalization: results of a retrospective analysis of data from the 2005 Medicare current beneficiary survey.
2009 Dec
Neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurodevelopmental basis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia.
2009 Jan
Spectroscopic and electrochemical analysis of psychotropic drugs.
2009 Jan
Finding my faith.
2009 Jan
Use and safety of antipsychotic drugs during pregnancy.
2009 May
Psychotic woman with painful abdominal distension. Life-threatening psychotropic drug-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility.
2009 Nov
Bacitracin-sensitive aminopeptidase(s) degradation of methionine(5)-enkephalin by human brain putamen and hippocampus preparations: inhibition by phenothiazine drugs.
2009 Nov-Dec
Current perspectives in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia.
2009 Oct-Dec
Beneficial effects of loxapine on agitation and breathing patterns during weaning from mechanical ventilation.
2010
Development of a list of potentially inappropriate drugs for the korean elderly using the delphi method.
2010 Dec
[Catatonia in a 14 year-old girl: treatment with clorazepam and carbamazepine, a 10-year follow-up].
2010 Feb
Pharmacokinetics of loxapine following inhalation of a thermally generated aerosol in healthy volunteers.
2010 Feb
An overview of Indian research in schizophrenia.
2010 Jan
Simultaneous HPLC determination of 14 tricyclic antidepressants and metabolites in human plasma.
2010 Jan
Identifying unexpected therapeutic targets via chemical-protein interactome.
2010 Mar 8
Chem2Bio2RDF: a semantic framework for linking and data mining chemogenomic and systems chemical biology data.
2010 May 17
4-Nitro-2-phenoxy-aniline.
2010 May 8
In vitro identification of the human cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of loxapine.
2011 Oct
Patents

Patents

8288372
3
US20040102434
3
US20070042014
3
WO/1993/014759A1
3
WO/2004/047844A1
3

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Curator's Comment: Loxitane (loxapine) capsules are prescribed for schizophrenia in dosage 10 mg twice daily (initial dose, orally) http://www.rxlist.com/loxitane-drug/indications-dosage.htm
Adasuve (loxapine inhalation powder), 10 mg by oral inhalation
Route of Administration: Respiratory
In Vitro Use Guide
Unknown
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
Edited
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
Record UNII
X59SG0MRYU
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE
MART.   MI   ORANGE BOOK   USAN   USP   USP-RS   VANDF   WHO-DD  
USAN  
Official Name English
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE [USP-RS]
Common Name English
Loxapine succinate [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE [ORANGE BOOK]
Common Name English
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE [MART.]
Common Name English
NSC-759578
Code English
CL 71563
Code English
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE [VANDF]
Common Name English
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE [USAN]
Common Name English
CL-71563
Code English
LOXAPINE SUCCINATE [MI]
Common Name English
LOXITANE
Brand Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C29710
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
Code System Code Type Description
MERCK INDEX
M6915
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
RS_ITEM_NUM
1370702
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
248-682-0
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID3045227
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB02977MIG
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
NSC
759578
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000091839
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C47590
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
27833-64-3
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
X59SG0MRYU
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DBSALT001194
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
71399
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL831
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
6476
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
FDA UNII
X59SG0MRYU
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:04:34 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
Structure of LOXAPINE
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
Structure of SUCCINIC ACID
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
Related Record Type Details
Structure of 3-CHLORO-11-(4-METHYLPIPERAZIN-1-YL)DIBENZO(B,F)(1,4)OXAZEPINE
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
Structure of AMOXAPINE
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
Structure of 2-CHLORODIBENZO(B,F)-1,4-OXAZEPIN-11-ONE
IMPURITY -> PARENT
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
Related Record Type Details
Structure of LOXAPINE
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