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Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C7H5O2.Li
Molecular Weight 128.054
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of LITHIUM BENZOATE

SMILES

[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1

InChI

InChIKey=LDJNSLOKTFFLSL-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1S/C7H6O2.Li/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5H,(H,8,9);/q;+1/p-1

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula Li
Molecular Weight 6.941
Charge 1
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Molecular Formula C7H5O2
Molecular Weight 121.1134
Charge -1
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium

Lithium is an alkali metal widely used in industry. Lithium salts are indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. The use of lithium in psychiatry goes back to the mid-19th century. Early work, however, was soon forgotten, and John Cade is credited with reintroducing lithium to psychiatry for mania in 1949. Mogens Schou undertook a randomly controlled trial for mania in 1954, and in the course of that study became curious about lithium as a prophylactic for depressive illness. In 1970, the United States became the 50th country to admit lithium to the marketplace. The specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effects are not well understood. Lithium appears to preserve or increase the volume of brain structures involved in emotional regulation such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, possibly reflecting its neuroprotective effects. At a neuronal level, lithium reduces excitatory (dopamine and glutamate) but increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission; however, these broad effects are underpinned by complex neurotransmitter systems that strive to achieve homeostasis by way of compensatory changes. For example, at an intracellular and molecular level, lithium targets second-messenger systems that further modulate neurotransmission. For instance, the effects of lithium on the adenyl cyclase and phospho-inositide pathways, as well as protein kinase C, may serve to dampen excessive excitatory neurotransmission. In addition to these many putative mechanisms, it has also been proposed that the neuroprotective effects of lithium are key to its therapeutic actions. In this regard, lithium has been shown to reduce the oxidative stress that occurs with multiple episodes of mania and depression. Further, it increases protective proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and B-cell lymphoma 2, and reduces apoptotic processes through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and autophagy.

Originator

Curator's Comment: The first lithium mineral petalite, LiAlSi4O10, was discovered on the Swedish island of Utö by the Brazilian, Jozé Bonifácio de Andralda e Silva in the 1790s. It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when thrown onto a fire. In 1817, Johan August Arfvedson of Stockholm analysed it and deduced it contained a previously unknown metal, which he called lithium. He realised this was a new alkali metal and a lighter version of sodium. However, unlike sodium he was not able to separate it by electrolysis. In 1821 William Brande obtained a tiny amount this way but not enough on which to make measurements. It was not until 1855 that the German chemist Robert Bunsen and the British chemist Augustus Matthiessen obtained it in bulk by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
6.53 µM [IC50]
2.0 mM [Ki]
Target ID: O95861
Gene ID: 10380.0
Gene Symbol: BPNT1
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
0.3 mM [IC50]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
LITHIUM CARBONATE

Approved Use

Lithium is indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder.

Launch Date

-1.26316798E11
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Obsolete but dangerous antacid preparations.
1978 Jan
Organophosphate poisoning: modifications in acid base equilibrium and use of sodium bicarbonate as an aid in the treatment of toxicity in dogs.
1983 Feb
Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in a pregnant patient with mitral valve prolapse.
1983 Jun
[Effect of antacids on mineral metabolism].
1983 Mar
Treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias resulting from amitriptyline toxicity in dogs.
1984 Nov
Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate.
1986 Sep
Incidence of hypotension associated with epidural anesthesia using alkalinized and nonalkalinized lidocaine for cesarean section.
1987 Nov
The effect of pH buffering on reducing the pain associated with subcutaneous infiltration of bupivicaine.
1991 Mar
Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats using drug-specific antibody Fab' fragment: effects on hypotension and interaction with sodium bicarbonate.
1992 Mar
Sodium bicarbonate alleviates penile pain induced by intracavernous injections for erectile dysfunction.
1993 May
Alkalinization of local anesthesia with sodium bicarbonate--preferred method of local anesthesia.
1994 Jan
Effects of magnesium sulfate and lidocaine in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in experimental amitriptyline poisoning in the rat.
1994 Mar
Reversal of flecainide-induced ventricular arrhythmia by hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in dogs.
1995 May
Neutralizing pH of lidocaine reduces pain during Norplant system insertion procedure.
1995 May
Reduction of desipramine cardiotoxicity and prolongation of survival in rats with the use of polyclonal drug-specific antibody Fab fragments.
1995 Sep
Effect of calcium chloride and 4-aminopyridine therapy on desipramine toxicity in rats.
1996
Pathophysiology and treatment of cocaine toxicity: implications for the heart and cardiovascular system.
1996 Dec
Metabolic alkalosis and myoclonus from antacid ingestion.
1996 Jun
Suppression of herpes simplex virus infections with oral lithium carbonate--a possible antiviral activity.
1996 Nov-Dec
Oral sodium bicarbonate reduces proximal renal tubular peptide catabolism, ammoniogenesis, and tubular damage in renal patients.
1998 Mar
Acebutolol-induced ventricular tachycardia reversed with sodium bicarbonate.
1999
Sodium bicarbonate treatment reduces renal injury, renal production of transforming growth factor-beta, and urinary transforming growth factor-beta excretion in rats with doxorubicin-induced nephropathy.
1999 Aug
[Severe flecainide acetate poisoning. Apropos of a case].
1999 Feb
Ménière's disease in childhood.
2001 Dec 1
Renal tubular peptide catabolism in chronic vascular rejection.
2001 May-Jul
Aborted sudden death, transient Brugada pattern, and wide QRS dysrrhythmias after massive cocaine ingestion.
2001 Oct
Physostigmine, sodium bicarbonate, or hypertonic saline to treat diphenhydramine toxicity.
2002 Feb
Lithium gluconate in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicenter, randomised, double-blind study versus placebo.
2002 Nov-Dec
The prevention of pain from injection of rocuronium by magnesium sulphate, lignocaine, sodium bicarbonate and alfentanil.
2003 Jun
Lithium gluconate 8% vs ketoconazole 2% in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicentre, randomized study.
2003 Jun
Fanconi syndrome caused by antiepileptic therapy with valproic Acid.
2004 Jul
[Lithium].
2004 Mar
Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial.
2004 May 19
Alkaline induces metallothionein gene expression and potentiates cell proliferation in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
2005 Dec
Quinidine cardiotoxicity.
2005 May
Early bicarbonate loading and dantroline for ziprasidone/haloperidol-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
2006 Apr
Acute renal failure due to phenazopyridine (Pyridium) overdose: case report and review of the literature.
2006 Nov
[Lithium gluconate 8% in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis].
2007 Apr
Anti-inflammatory effects of lithium gluconate on keratinocytes: a possible explanation for efficiency in seborrhoeic dermatitis.
2008 Jun
Contrast medium-induced nephropathy: strategies for prevention.
2008 Sep
G418-mediated ribosomal read-through of a nonsense mutation causing autosomal recessive proximal renal tubular acidosis.
2008 Sep
Sodium bicarbonate versus normal saline for protection against contrast nephropathy.
2009
Iatrogenic Flecainide toxicity.
2010 Dec
Randomized controlled trial: lisinopril reduces proteinuria, ammonia, and renal polypeptide tubular catabolism in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy.
2010 Jan 15
Acute propafenone toxicity after two exposures at standard dosing.
2010 Jun-Jul
High sensitivity of RBL-2H3 cells to cadmium and manganese: an implication of the role of ZIP8.
2011 Jul
Evaluation of aggregating brain cell cultures for the detection of acute organ-specific toxicity.
2013 Jun
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the ischemic brain under lithium treatment. Link to mitochondrial disorders under stroke.
2015 Jul 25
Topical Treatment of Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review.
2017 Apr
Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: a comprehensive review.
2019 Mar
Patents

Sample Use Guides

Optimal patient response to Lithium Carbonate usually can be established and maintained with 600 mg t.i.d. Optimal patient response to Lithium Oral Solution usually can be established and maintained with 10 mL (2 full teaspoons) (16 mEq of lithium) t.i.d. Such doses will normally produce an effective serum lithium level ranging between 1.0 and 1.5 mEq/l. Dosage must be individualized according to serum levels and clinical response. Regular monitoring of the patient’s clinical state and of serum lithium levels is necessary. Serum levels should be determined twice per week during the acute phase, and until the serum level and clinical condition of the patient have been stabilized.
Route of Administration: Oral
Although lithium at a high concentration (10 mM) activated β-catenin in different types of neurons, β-catenin shifted to the nucleus at a therapeutically relevant concentration (1 mM) only in thalamic neurons, both in vivo and in vitro.
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
Edited
by admin
on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
Record UNII
R9Z042Z19E
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
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Name Type Language
LITHIUM BENZOATE
MART.   MI   WHO-DD  
Systematic Name English
LITHIUM BENZOICUM
HPUS  
Common Name English
LITHIUM BENZOATE [MI]
Common Name English
LITHIUM BENZOICUM [HPUS]
Common Name English
LITHIUM BENZOATE [MART.]
Common Name English
Lithium benzoate [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
BENZOIC ACID, LITHIUM SALT
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C448
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
Code System Code Type Description
MERCK INDEX
M6849
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
209-042-6
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000076781
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
553-54-8
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EVMPD
SUB14373MIG
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
R9Z042Z19E
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
RXCUI
1363722
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY RxNorm
NCI_THESAURUS
C76050
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
2724073
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID4044957
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
R9Z042Z19E
Created by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Wed Jul 05 23:46:26 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
Related Record Type Details
ACTIVE MOIETY