Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C7H5O2.Li |
Molecular Weight | 128.054 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI
InChIKey=LDJNSLOKTFFLSL-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI=1S/C7H6O2.Li/c8-7(9)6-4-2-1-3-5-6;/h1-5H,(H,8,9);/q;+1/p-1
Molecular Formula | C7H5O2 |
Molecular Weight | 121.1134 |
Charge | -1 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Molecular Formula | Li |
Molecular Weight | 6.941 |
Charge | 1 |
Count |
|
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Additional Stereochemistry | No |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459525 | http://www.isaltis.com/en/module/99999689/28/lithium_gluconate | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330588https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/017812s028,018421s027lbl.pdfCurator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459525 | http://www.isaltis.com/en/module/99999689/28/lithium_gluconate | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330588https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/017812s028,018421s027lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Lithium is an alkali metal widely used in industry. Lithium salts are indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. The use of lithium in psychiatry goes back to the mid-19th century. Early work, however, was soon forgotten, and John Cade is credited with reintroducing lithium to psychiatry for mania in 1949. Mogens Schou undertook a randomly controlled trial for mania in 1954, and in the course of that study became curious about lithium as a prophylactic for depressive illness. In 1970, the United States became the 50th country to admit lithium to the marketplace. The specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effects are not well understood. Lithium appears to preserve or increase the volume of brain structures involved in emotional regulation such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, possibly reflecting its neuroprotective effects. At a neuronal level, lithium reduces excitatory (dopamine and glutamate) but increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission; however, these broad effects are underpinned by complex neurotransmitter systems that strive to achieve homeostasis by way of compensatory changes. For example, at an intracellular and molecular level, lithium targets second-messenger systems that further modulate neurotransmission. For instance, the effects of lithium on the adenyl cyclase and phospho-inositide pathways, as well as protein kinase C, may serve to dampen excessive excitatory neurotransmission. In addition to these many putative mechanisms, it has also been proposed that the neuroprotective effects of lithium are key to its therapeutic actions. In this regard, lithium has been shown to reduce the oxidative stress that occurs with multiple episodes of mania and depression. Further, it increases protective proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and B-cell lymphoma 2, and reduces apoptotic processes through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and autophagy.
Originator
Sources: http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
Curator's Comment: The first lithium mineral petalite, LiAlSi4O10, was discovered on the Swedish island of Utö by the Brazilian, Jozé Bonifácio de Andralda e Silva in the 1790s. It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when thrown onto a fire. In 1817, Johan August Arfvedson of Stockholm analysed it and deduced it contained a previously unknown metal, which he called lithium. He realised this was a new alkali metal and a lighter version of sodium. However, unlike sodium he was not able to separate it by electrolysis. In 1821 William Brande obtained a tiny amount this way but not enough on which to make measurements. It was not until 1855 that the German chemist Robert Bunsen and the British chemist Augustus Matthiessen obtained it in bulk by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL262 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24094818 |
6.53 µM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL262 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8710892 |
2.0 mM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: O95861 Gene ID: 10380.0 Gene Symbol: BPNT1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10675562 |
0.3 mM [IC50] | ||
Target ID: GO:0038179 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538689 |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | LITHIUM CARBONATE Approved UseLithium is indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. Launch Date1965 |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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[Remarkable thymoanaleptic effect of lithium gluconate in recurrent melancholic states]. | 1971 Mar 20 |
|
[Lithium gluconate in emotional disturbances (preliminary results; current orientation)]. | 1971 Oct 20 |
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[Modifications of serum creatine phosphokinase activity under the influence of lithium gluconate in Duchenne's myopathy]. | 1972 Nov |
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[Lithium gluconate: systematic and factorial analysis of 104 cases which have been studied for 2 and one-half to 3 years in patients regularly observed and showing periodic cyclothymia or dysthymia]. | 1974 Mar |
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[Studies of lithium-induced tremor by means of different measurement methods]. | 1975 |
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Sinoatrial block during lithium treatment. | 1975 Aug |
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The renal pathology in a case of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus. | 1975 Jun |
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Sodium bicarbonate and systemic hemodynamics in volunteers anesthetized with halothane. | 1975 May |
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[Treatment of drug-resistant depressive states with lithium gluconate]. | 1977 Mar |
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[Do lithium salts have a place in the treatment of severe hyperthyroidism? (author's transl)]. | 1977 Oct 8 |
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[Evaluation of the potential cardiotoxicity of propranolol-lithium gluconate association (author's transl)]. | 1980 Mar-Apr |
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[Ultrastructural modifications in the thyroid glands of mice treated with lithium gluconate]. | 1982 Feb 8 |
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Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. | 1986 Sep |
|
Summation effects of uracil and other promoters on epithelial lesion development in the F344 rat urinary bladder initiated by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. | 1991 Nov |
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Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats using drug-specific antibody Fab' fragment: effects on hypotension and interaction with sodium bicarbonate. | 1992 Mar |
|
Pathophysiology and treatment of cocaine toxicity: implications for the heart and cardiovascular system. | 1996 Dec |
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Metabolic alkalosis and myoclonus from antacid ingestion. | 1996 Jun |
|
Therapy of Sjögren's syndrome. New aspects and future directions. | 1998 Feb |
|
Oral sodium bicarbonate reduces proximal renal tubular peptide catabolism, ammoniogenesis, and tubular damage in renal patients. | 1998 Mar |
|
Possible involvement of hypothyroidism as a cause of lithium-induced sinus node dysfunction. | 1999 Jun |
|
Effect of lithium maintenance therapy on thyroid and parathyroid function. | 1999 May |
|
Hypercalcemia, arrhythmia, and mood stabilizers. | 2000 Apr |
|
Regulation of AQP6 mRNA and protein expression in rats in response to altered acid-base or water balance. | 2000 Dec |
|
Altered expression of renal AQPs and Na(+) transporters in rats with lithium-induced NDI. | 2000 Sep |
|
The effects of sodium bicarbonate on thioridazine-induced cardiac dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat heart. | 2001 Apr |
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Influence of strain, sex and age on nephrotoxicity of lithium in a one-hour model in rats. | 2001 Dec |
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Prevention of cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome by lithium: involvement of oxytocinergic neuronal activation. | 2001 Dec 15 |
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Activation of hypothalamic neuronal nitric oxide synthase in lithium-induced diabetes insipidus rats. | 2001 Feb |
|
Treatment of bipolar depression with twice-weekly fluoxetine: management of antidepressant-induced mania. | 2001 Jan |
|
Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in older people. | 2001 Jul |
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A historical cohort study of kidney damage in long-term lithium patients: continued surveillance needed. | 2001 Jun |
|
[Nephrotic syndrome and lithium therapy]. | 2001 May 26 |
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[A case of atropine-resistant bradycardia in a patient on long-term lithium medication]. | 2001 Nov |
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Tetraspan protein CD151: a common target of mood stabilizing drugs? | 2001 Nov |
|
Aborted sudden death, transient Brugada pattern, and wide QRS dysrrhythmias after massive cocaine ingestion. | 2001 Oct |
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Lithium use in octogenarians. | 2001 Oct |
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Synergistic induction of severe hypothermia (poikilothermia) by limbic seizures, acepromazine and physical restraint: role of noradrenergic alpha-1 receptors. | 2001 Oct-Nov |
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[Lithium treatment and hyperparathyroidism]. | 2001 Sep 20 |
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Central pontine myelinolysis manifested by temporary blindness: a possible complication of lithium toxicity. | 2002 Dec |
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Physostigmine, sodium bicarbonate, or hypertonic saline to treat diphenhydramine toxicity. | 2002 Feb |
|
A case of Parkinsonism due to lithium intoxication: treatment with Pramipexole. | 2002 May |
|
Fanconi syndrome caused by antiepileptic therapy with valproic Acid. | 2004 Jul |
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Iatrogenic Flecainide toxicity. | 2010 Dec |
|
Acute propafenone toxicity after two exposures at standard dosing. | 2010 Jun-Jul |
|
Hyper-alkalinization without hyper-hydration for the prevention of high-dose methotrexate acute nephrotoxicity in patients with osteosarcoma. | 2010 Nov |
|
High sensitivity of RBL-2H3 cells to cadmium and manganese: an implication of the role of ZIP8. | 2011 Jul |
|
Chemicals inducing acute irritant contact dermatitis mobilize intracellular calcium in human keratinocytes. | 2013 Feb |
|
Evaluation of aggregating brain cell cultures for the detection of acute organ-specific toxicity. | 2013 Jun |
|
Hexavalent chromium affects sperm motility by influencing protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the midpiece of boar spermatozoa. | 2016 Jan |
|
Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: a comprehensive review. | 2019 Mar |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Optimal patient response to Lithium Carbonate usually can be established and maintained with 600 mg t.i.d. Optimal patient response to Lithium Oral Solution usually can be established and maintained with 10 mL (2 full teaspoons) (16 mEq of lithium) t.i.d. Such doses will normally produce an effective serum lithium level ranging between 1.0 and 1.5 mEq/l. Dosage must be individualized according to serum levels and clinical response. Regular monitoring of the patient’s clinical state and of serum lithium levels is necessary. Serum levels should be determined twice per week during the acute phase, and until the serum level and clinical condition of the patient have been stabilized.
Route of Administration:
Oral
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27793772
Although lithium at a high concentration (10 mM) activated β-catenin in different types of neurons, β-catenin shifted to the nucleus at a therapeutically relevant concentration (1 mM) only in thalamic neurons, both in vivo and in vitro.
Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
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Edited
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Record UNII |
R9Z042Z19E
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Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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C448
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PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE |
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ACTIVE MOIETY |