U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C6H5O7.3Li
Molecular Weight 209.923
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of LITHIUM CITRATE ANHYDROUS

SMILES

[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].OC(CC([O-])=O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O

InChI

InChIKey=WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K
InChI=1S/C6H8O7.3Li/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;3*+1/p-3

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula Li
Molecular Weight 6.941
Charge 1
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Molecular Formula C6H5O7
Molecular Weight 189.0997
Charge -3
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538681 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371914 | http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium

Lithium is an alkali metal widely used in industry. Lithium salts are indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder. The use of lithium in psychiatry goes back to the mid-19th century. Early work, however, was soon forgotten, and John Cade is credited with reintroducing lithium to psychiatry for mania in 1949. Mogens Schou undertook a randomly controlled trial for mania in 1954, and in the course of that study became curious about lithium as a prophylactic for depressive illness. In 1970, the United States became the 50th country to admit lithium to the marketplace. The specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effects are not well understood. Lithium appears to preserve or increase the volume of brain structures involved in emotional regulation such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, possibly reflecting its neuroprotective effects. At a neuronal level, lithium reduces excitatory (dopamine and glutamate) but increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission; however, these broad effects are underpinned by complex neurotransmitter systems that strive to achieve homeostasis by way of compensatory changes. For example, at an intracellular and molecular level, lithium targets second-messenger systems that further modulate neurotransmission. For instance, the effects of lithium on the adenyl cyclase and phospho-inositide pathways, as well as protein kinase C, may serve to dampen excessive excitatory neurotransmission. In addition to these many putative mechanisms, it has also been proposed that the neuroprotective effects of lithium are key to its therapeutic actions. In this regard, lithium has been shown to reduce the oxidative stress that occurs with multiple episodes of mania and depression. Further, it increases protective proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and B-cell lymphoma 2, and reduces apoptotic processes through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and autophagy.

Originator

Curator's Comment: The first lithium mineral petalite, LiAlSi4O10, was discovered on the Swedish island of Utö by the Brazilian, Jozé Bonifácio de Andralda e Silva in the 1790s. It was observed to give an intense crimson flame when thrown onto a fire. In 1817, Johan August Arfvedson of Stockholm analysed it and deduced it contained a previously unknown metal, which he called lithium. He realised this was a new alkali metal and a lighter version of sodium. However, unlike sodium he was not able to separate it by electrolysis. In 1821 William Brande obtained a tiny amount this way but not enough on which to make measurements. It was not until 1855 that the German chemist Robert Bunsen and the British chemist Augustus Matthiessen obtained it in bulk by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.

Approval Year

Targets

Targets

Primary TargetPharmacologyConditionPotency
6.53 µM [IC50]
2.0 mM [Ki]
Target ID: O95861
Gene ID: 10380.0
Gene Symbol: BPNT1
Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
0.3 mM [IC50]
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Primary
LITHIUM CARBONATE

Approved Use

Lithium is indicated in the treatment of manic episodes of Bipolar Disorder.

Launch Date

-1.26316798E11
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
[Remarkable thymoanaleptic effect of lithium gluconate in recurrent melancholic states].
1971 Mar 20
[Lithium gluconate in emotional disturbances (preliminary results; current orientation)].
1971 Oct 20
[Modifications of serum creatine phosphokinase activity under the influence of lithium gluconate in Duchenne's myopathy].
1972 Nov
[Lithium gluconate: systematic and factorial analysis of 104 cases which have been studied for 2 and one-half to 3 years in patients regularly observed and showing periodic cyclothymia or dysthymia].
1974 Mar
[Lithium therapy in manic depressive diseases in old age].
1975
Sinoatrial block during lithium treatment.
1975 Aug
[Side-effects of lithium therapy].
1975 Mar
[Treatment of drug-resistant depressive states with lithium gluconate].
1977 Mar
[Do lithium salts have a place in the treatment of severe hyperthyroidism? (author's transl)].
1977 Oct 8
[Cardiac electrophysiological effects of lithium gluconate in anesthetized dogs].
1978 Sep-Oct
[Evaluation of the potential cardiotoxicity of propranolol-lithium gluconate association (author's transl)].
1980 Mar-Apr
[Ultrastructural modifications in the thyroid glands of mice treated with lithium gluconate].
1982 Feb 8
[Crystalline inclusions of the mouse thyroid. Effect of chronic treatment with lithium gluconate].
1986
Familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis: prevention of paralytic attacks with lithium gluconate.
1991 Jan
Suppression of herpes simplex virus infections with oral lithium carbonate--a possible antiviral activity.
1996 Nov-Dec
The effects of lamotrigine on the pharmacokinetics of lithium.
2000 Sep
[A case of atropine-resistant bradycardia in a patient on long-term lithium medication].
2001 Nov
Mild to severe lithium-induced nephropathy models and urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in rats.
2001 Oct
Sinus node dysfunction associated with lithium therapy in a child.
2002
Lithium-induced tremor treated with vitamin B6: a preliminary case series.
2002
Central pontine myelinolysis manifested by temporary blindness: a possible complication of lithium toxicity.
2002 Dec
[Reversible cardiomyopathy induced by psychotropic drugs: case report and literature overview].
2002 Dec
Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy.
2002 Dec
Connection between lithium and muscular incoordination.
2002 Feb
Intracerebroventricular antisense to inositol monophosphatase-1 reduces enzyme activity but does not affect Li-sensitive behavior.
2002 Jan
Case report and review of the perinatal implications of maternal lithium use.
2002 Jul
Lithium induces NF-kappa B activation and interleukin-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells.
2002 Mar 8
A case of Parkinsonism due to lithium intoxication: treatment with Pramipexole.
2002 May
Hydroethidine detection of superoxide production during the lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus.
2002 May
Aminophylline exacerbates status epilepticus-induced neuronal damages in immature rats: a morphological, motor and behavioral study.
2002 May
Olanzapine-induced mania in bipolar disorders.
2002 May
[Progressive renal failure caused by lithium nephropathy].
2002 May 25
[Manic state during the addition of lithium in the case of depression resistant to imipramine].
2002 Nov 9
Lithium gluconate in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicenter, randomised, double-blind study versus placebo.
2002 Nov-Dec
Risk factors for falls during treatment of late-life depression.
2002 Oct
Sexual side effects associated with valproate.
2002 Oct
Status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine in the immature rat does not change the long-term susceptibility to seizures.
2002 Sep
Lithium toxicity: a potential interaction with celecoxib.
2002 Sep-Oct
Mood stabilisers plus risperidone or placebo in the treatment of acute mania. International, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
2003 Feb
Left-sided splenorenal fusion with marked extramedullary hematopoiesis and concurrent lithium toxicity. A case report and review of the literature.
2003 Jan
Reverse pharmacological effect of loop diuretics and altered rBSC1 expression in rats with lithium nephropathy.
2003 Jan
Lithium-induced periodic alternating nystagmus.
2003 Jan 28
Lithium gluconate 8% vs ketoconazole 2% in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicentre, randomized study.
2003 Jun
Effect of the lipid peroxidation product acrolein on tau phosphorylation in neural cells.
2003 Mar 15
[Lithium].
2004 Mar
[Lithium gluconate 8% in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis].
2007 Apr
Anti-inflammatory effects of lithium gluconate on keratinocytes: a possible explanation for efficiency in seborrhoeic dermatitis.
2008 Jun
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the ischemic brain under lithium treatment. Link to mitochondrial disorders under stroke.
2015 Jul 25
Topical Treatment of Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review.
2017 Apr
Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: a comprehensive review.
2019 Mar
Patents

Sample Use Guides

Optimal patient response to Lithium Carbonate usually can be established and maintained with 600 mg t.i.d. Optimal patient response to Lithium Oral Solution usually can be established and maintained with 10 mL (2 full teaspoons) (16 mEq of lithium) t.i.d. Such doses will normally produce an effective serum lithium level ranging between 1.0 and 1.5 mEq/l. Dosage must be individualized according to serum levels and clinical response. Regular monitoring of the patient’s clinical state and of serum lithium levels is necessary. Serum levels should be determined twice per week during the acute phase, and until the serum level and clinical condition of the patient have been stabilized.
Route of Administration: Oral
Although lithium at a high concentration (10 mM) activated β-catenin in different types of neurons, β-catenin shifted to the nucleus at a therapeutically relevant concentration (1 mM) only in thalamic neurons, both in vivo and in vitro.
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
Edited
by admin
on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
Record UNII
3655633623
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
LITHIUM CITRATE ANHYDROUS
Common Name English
LITHIUM CITRATE [MI]
Common Name English
CITRIC ACID TRILITHIUM SALT
Common Name English
2-HYDROXY-1,2,3-PROPANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID LITHIUM SALT (1:3)
Common Name English
Code System Code Type Description
FDA UNII
3655633623
Created by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
CAS
919-16-4
Created by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID70883185
Created by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
213-045-8
Created by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
MERCK INDEX
m6856
Created by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
PRIMARY Merck Index
WIKIPEDIA
Lithium citrate
Created by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
13520
Created by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000181637
Created by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023 , Edited by admin on Sat Dec 16 01:39:47 UTC 2023
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
SOLVATE->ANHYDROUS
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
PARENT -> SALT/SOLVATE
Related Record Type Details
ACTIVE MOIETY