Dimetofrine is a selective agonist of post-synaptic a1-adrenergic receptors. The drug was investigated as a cardiostimulant to treat orthostatic hypotension. Clinical investigation showed that dimetofrine relieves asthenia, paleness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache and other symptoms associated with hypotension. It was observed, that in acidic conditions similar to conditions in the stomach, dimetofrine is able to react with nitrites with the formation of highly mutagenic compound 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ).

Cymarin (or cymarine or k-strophanthidin-alpha) is a cardiac glycoside and an anti-arrhythmia and cardiotonic agent. Cymarin works as an inhibitor of Na+ /K+-ATPase . This inhibition has an inotropic effect on the cardiac muscles increasing their force by approximately 100%.

Ethacizine (ethacyzine) is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent, related to moracizine. It is used in Russia and some other Commonwealth of Independent States countries for the treatment of severe and/or refractory ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, especially those accompanied by organic heart disease. It is also indicated as a treatment of refractory tachycardia associated with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome.

Gitoformate (or pentaformylgitoxin), a kidney independent glycoside, was used in patients with atrial fibrillation and in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Information, that this drug is used now is not available.

Lorajmine is a monochloracetyl derivative of ajmaline. It is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that is rapidly hydrolyzed to ajmaline by plasma and tissue esterases. Lorajmine was used in the clinic to control arrhythmias. It was found that in a significant proportion of cases administration of lorajmine lead to worsening of arrhythmias.

Hydroquinidine is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent (Ia) in the heart. Hydroquinidine is a d-rotatory alkaloid derived from cinchiona bark. It is closely related to quinidine, differing from the latter alkaloid only in containing two more atoms of hydrogen in the molecule. The drug causes increased action potential duration, as well as a prolonged QT interval. It is not approved by FDA, but marketed in Spain, France, Italy and Pakistan under the brand names Lentoquine, Sérécor LP, Idrochinidina Lirca and Austacute, respectively. Like all other class I antiarrhythmic agents, Hydroquinidine primarily works by blocking the fast inward sodium current (INa). Hydroquinidine is also used for the treatment of Malaria.

Phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate, PCr, PC) is the phosphorylated form of endogenous creatine that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and the brain of vertebrates. Phosphocreatine is a key component in the intracellular system of energy buffering and transports from the site of energy production to the site of energy utilization to ensure that supply meets the high and dynamic demands of the heart. Phosphocreatine can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first two to seven seconds following an intense muscular or neuronal effort. Conversely, excess ATP can be used during a period of low effort to convert creatine to phosphocreatine. The reversible phosphorylation of creatine is catalyzed by several creatine kinases. Particularly, PCr makes the energy of phosphoryl bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) available at the myofibrillar creatine kinase that allows myocardium contraction. Supplementation with PCr was, therefore, suggested as potentially beneficial in patients with acute and chronic myocardial ischaemic injury. Phosphocreatine has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. Phosphocreatine is used intravenously in hospitals in some parts of the world for cardiovascular problems under the name Neoton and also used by some professional athletes, as it is not a controlled substance.

Prenylamine, a slow Ca2+ channel blocker, was used to treat patients with angina pectoris, but because of the QT prolongation, this drug was withdrawn from the market. Prenylamine binds to calmodulin section and inhibits myosin light chain kinase.

Cafedrine, also known as norephedrinoethyltheophylline, is a chemical linkage of norephedrine and theophylline and is a cardiac stimulant used to increase blood pressure in people with hypotension. There are few data available for cafedrine. Cafedrine has a half-life of 60 min following both oral and intravenous administration Cafedrine is metabolized to norephedrine and several minor metabolites, but nearly 90% of the administered norephedrine is excreted via the kidneys, mostly unchanged, within 24 h. The effects of cafedrine on cardiac output are believed to be mediated via β- adrenoceptors. Cafedrine has a positive inotropic effect in humans, and this can be abolished by administration of the non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. A combination of cafedrine and theodrenaline called Akrinor® is used for the treatment of hypotension in adults that occurs during emergency situations, general anesthesia, and regional anesthesia, especially during cesarean sections. Cafedrine/theodrenaline may have advantages over other vasopressor drugs. For example, it can be administered via bolus while catecholamines normally need to be diluted and administered via syringe pumps. Bolus injection is faster, which may be beneficial in emergency situations, plus it is more cost efficient with respect to the disposables. Cafedrine/theodrenaline has been widely used in Germany since 1963