Vanillyl alcohol is a monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of guaiacols and a member of benzyl alcohols. Vanillyl alcohol is a phenolic alcohol and is used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages. Vanillyl alcohol effectively inhibited the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in MPP+-induced MN9D dopaminergic cells. Vanillyl alcohol attenuated the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. These results indicate that vanillyl alcohol protected dopaminergic MN9D cells against MPP+-induced apoptosis by relieving oxidative stress and modulating the apoptotic process and is therefore a potential candidate for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

Dimecamine is ganglion blocking agent. A slowly developing but moderate contracture of the chick biventer cervicis muscle was observed with 5x10-4M-dimecamine methiodide solution. A small reduction in the twitch response was also observed. Similar concentrations of dimecamine and pempidine produced only slowly developing and very small contractures. Dimecamine differs in neuromuscular-blocking activity from its corresponding quaternary metho-salts by a factor of less than two.

Tricyclazole is a systemic fungicide for control of Pyricularia oryzae on rice. Tricyclazole protects plants from infection by P. oryzae by preventing penetration of the epidermis by the fungus. The compound acts by inhibiting melanization within the appressorium, thus causing a lack of rigidity in the appressorial wall. Tricyclazole has no apparent effect on spore germination although sporulation is reduced. Tricyclazole is not curative but is protective in its activity. Tricyclazole can influence the pathogenic ability of aspergillus aculeatus by damaging the cell structure of hyphae and conidia, reducing the melanin production, and altering the expression of pathogenic-related gene. Tricyclazole toxin can impair testosterone secretion and the testicular structure in mice, leaving an adversely effect on sperm production system.

Ticabesone Propionate is Ticabesone ester patented by Syntex, Inc. as an anti-inflammatory agent. Ticabesone Propionate shows potent antiinflammatory activity silver nitrate-induced inflammation in the rat cornea.

Triclopyr-butotyl is an ester form of selective systemic herbicide triclopyr. Prolonged or frequently repeated skin contact with triclopyr-butotyl may cause allergic skin reactions in some individuals. Animal and in-vitro genetic studies were negative for triclopyr-butotyl. Triclopyr-butotyl did not cause cancer in laboratory animals.

Piritrexim is a synthetic antifolate agent with antiparasitic, antipsoriatic and antitumor properties. Piritrexim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby disrupting folate metabolism and DNA synthesis and cell division. A theoretical advantage of piritrexim over trimetrexate is a lack of any known effects on histamine metabolism, which may lower the risk of hypersensitivity reactions. Piritrexim is a nonclassical antifolate for antitumor and parasitic chemotherapy that passively diffuses into cells and hence do not have to depend on folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase or the reduced folate carrier. Because piritrexim is not a substrate for polyglutamation, the drug is not selectively retained within cells for prolonged periods. Piritrexim has a reliably high oral bioavailability of about 75%, which has led to its development as an oral lipophilic antifolate. Most commonly, it has been administered in oral daily doses of 75 to 150 mg bid or tid every 5 days, with cycles repeated every 3 weeks. Oral absorption is rapid, with peak plasma levels appearing at 1.5 hours after ingestion. Elimination occurs primarily via hepatic metabolism of the drug to active metabolites, and the terminal half-life of the parent compound is about 1.5 to 4.5 hours. Single-agent oral piritrexim has clinical activity in melanoma, urothelial cancers, and head and neck cancers. Tolerable combinations of piritrexim with cisplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin have been tested, with promising results achieved in head and neck cancer. An interesting attempt to alternate piritrexim with methotrexate did not have any greater activity than methotrexate alone.

Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) is a small zwitterionic amino alcohol, which is composed of a negatively charged phosphate bonded to a small, positively charged choline group. Phosphorylcholine is the precursor metabolite of choline in the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways and in intermediate between choline and cytidine-diphosphate choline in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. Phosphorylcholine is an interesting compound from an immunologic point of view, being an immunodominant determinant of pneumococcal teichoic acids and also a major prerequisite for proinflammatory effects of PAF and PAF-like lipids where PC is a common denominator. PC is also a component of some bacteria, apoptotic cells, and OxLDL, which, if exposed, is immunogenic. PC has several properties that could in principle both promote and protect against disease, depending on the pathogen and type of inflammatory reaction. In the field of interventional cardiology, phosphorylcholine is used as a synthetic polymer-based coating, applied to drug-eluting stents, to prevent the occurrence of coronary artery restenosis. To date, more than 120,000 Phosphorylcholine-coated stents have been implanted in patients with no apparent deleterious effect in the long term compared to bare metal stent technologies

7-Methylxanthine is a methyl derivative of xanthine, found occasionally in human urine. 7-Methylxanthine is one of the purine components in urinary calculi. 7-methylxanthine (7-MX) is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine, and has been shown to have low toxicity and no carcinogenic effects. 7-MX is known as a non-selective adenosine antagonist and has been shown to work against myopia. 7-MX has little effect on the proliferation or apoptosis of human RPE cells; however, 7-MX disturbs the proportion of cells in the G1 stage and inhibits the expression of ADORA1, ADORA2A, and ADORA2B in short-term treatment. 7-MX has been confirmed to reduce the severity of myopia and eye elongation induced by forming deprivation in guinea pigs and to counteract the thinning of the posterior sclera and of collagen fibrils induced by form deprivation. A clinical trial showed that 7-MX reduced eye elongation and myopia progression in childhood myopia.

HEXYLOXY TRIMETHYLPHENOL (also known as 1-O-Hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone or HTHQ) originally has been found to have two types of activities: anti-oxidant anti-lipid-peroxidative. In addition, experiments on rodents have shown that HTHQ possessed chemopreventive effects against heterocyclic amine-induced carcinogenesis. It is known that HTHQ directly reacts with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and scavenging them to form more stable free radicals. Recently published article has shown that HTHQ could be a promising adjuvant therapeutic agent against L-dopa-induced neurotoxicity. This effect has been achieved by both inhibiting the initiation of ROS formation and modulating the activity of ERK1/2.