CF102 known as Cl-IB-MECA (2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5’- N-methyl-uronamide), is a highly specific and selective agonist at the A3 adenosine receptor. Phase I/II study in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) successfully met its primary and secondary endpoints demonstrating initial indications for efficacy of CF102. A global Phase II study treating patients with CF102 as a second line therapy will start enroling patients shortly.

Rabeximod is an indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline derivative patented by OxyPharma AB as anti-inflammatory agent useful for the treatment of autoimmune disease. Rabeximod impaired monocyte differentiation into monocyte-derived dendritic cells and pro-inflammatory allostimulated macrophages. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells that were treated with Rabeximod resulted in a significant decrease in their ability to pinocytose antigens, while no effect was exerted by the drug on the ability of allostimulated macrophages and anti-inflammatory macrophages to phagocytose. Rabeximod reduces the severity of arthritis in rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Rabeximod efficiently prevented arthritis during the time window when TLR2 or TLR4 ligands activate inflammatory macrophages.

Penoxsulam, a fluorinated benzenesulfonamid rice herbicide is sold under the brand name Granite. Penoxsulam is an acetolactate synthase inhibitor that kills plants through a mechanism not present in animals and has few to no adverse effects on most species. Besides, was found that Chlorella Vulgaris dietary supplementation could protect the commercially valuable freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus against penoxsulam toxicity and may be a potential feed supplement for Nile tilapia in aquaculture.

Alethine (Beta alethine) is an immunostimulant agent. It was undergoing clinical development with LifeTime Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of haematological malignancies. It is a low molecular weight disulfide that has been shown to exhibit in vivo antitumor activity in murine myeloma and melanoma models.

Baicalein is a flavonoid is a component of the traditional herbal remedy known as Chinese skullcap (or Huang Qin), possesses various biological activities. Baicalein is a neuroprotective agent, which is studied in phase I for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. By modulating of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors, baicalein promotes nonamyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby reducing β-amyloid (Aβ) production and improving cognitive performance in models of Alzheimer's disease. By inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, baicalein suppressed cancer cells proliferation and suppressed the viability of human endometrial stromal cells, thus it may provide a novel treatment option for endometriosis. Besides, this compound was evaluated for its ability to inhibit the influenza virus. Experiments on mice have shown that baicalein showed significant effects in preventing death, increasing the mean time to death and reducing the lung virus titer in a dose-dependent manner.

Toluidine Blue (also known as tolonium chloride or Toluidine blue O) is metachromatic dye used for a variety of histological staining, it selectively stains acidic tissue components (sulfates, carboxylates, and phosphate radicals. Toluidine blue has an affinity for nucleic acids, and therefore binds to nuclear material of tissues with a high DNA and RNA content. It was evaluated the toluidine blue staining in premalignancies, and superficial oral ulceration suggesting malignancy. The study showed 100% sensitivity in the detection of in situ and invasive carcinoma and no false-negative results occurred. The lesions that were diagnosed as dysplasia did not retain stain, and thus gave false-negative results. The reasons could be that the exact mechanisms by which the dye differentially stains malignant or dysplastic tissues remain unknown.

Primisulfuron-methyl is a urea herbicide that is used on crop and non- crop areas for the control of grass weeds and many kinds of broad-leaved weeds. Primisulfuron-methyl is a selective postemergence systemic herbicide that is rapidly absorbed by plants and transported throughout the plant roots and foliage. The herbicide works by blocking cell growth in the active growing regions of the plant. Primisulfuron-methyl is practically non-toxic by ingestion, with a reported oral LD50 of greater than 5050 mg/kg in rats. Primisulfuron-methyl is practically nontoxic to wildfowl. Both bobwhite quail and mallard ducks show a high tolerance for the compound. Primisulfuron-methyl is of low to moderate persistence in the soil environment, with a field half-life of from 4 to 60 days. A representative value is estimated to be about 30 days.

Oxazolidine molecule consists of three carbons, nitrogen, and oxygen. Oxazolidines is a key molecular moiety in biologically active compounds. Some derivatives, the oxazolidinediones, are used as anticonvulsants.