Baicalein is a flavonoid is a component of the traditional herbal remedy known as Chinese skullcap (or Huang Qin), possesses various biological activities. Baicalein is a neuroprotective agent, which is studied in phase I for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. By modulating of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors, baicalein promotes nonamyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby reducing β-amyloid (Aβ) production and improving cognitive performance in models of Alzheimer's disease. By inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, baicalein suppressed cancer cells proliferation and suppressed the viability of human endometrial stromal cells, thus it may provide a novel treatment option for endometriosis. Besides, this compound was evaluated for its ability to inhibit the influenza virus. Experiments on mice have shown that baicalein showed significant effects in preventing death, increasing the mean time to death and reducing the lung virus titer in a dose-dependent manner.

Maridomycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Sreptomyces sp. No. B-5050 was found to produce maridomycin. Maridomycin was found to be composed of six components, maridomycins I, II, III, IV, V and VI. Their structures are different from each other in acyl moieties at C3 and C4" positions. Maridomycins I, II, III, IV, V and VI showed similar antibacterial spectra against Gram-positive bacteria including acid-fast bacteria. Maridomycin has bacteriostatic activity rather than bactericidal activity. Prominent therapeutic effect was observed against certain Gram-positive bacterial infection in mice.

Fluridone, an herbicide that used for controlling invasive aquatic plants such as hydrilla in surface water bodies. It inhibits carotenoid synthesis in targeted plant species, preventing photosynthesis and ultimately causing mortality. This compound contains a 4(1H)-pyridone and a trifluoromethyl-benzene moiety, which are also present in molecules with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Experiments on rodents have confirmed that fluridone could represent a new prototype of an anti-inflammatory drug.

2,4-thiazolidinedione (T-174) has been investigated for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus in Japan. Oral administration of T-174 markedly improved hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and glucose intolerance in genetically obese and diabetic yellow KK (KK-Ay) mice. A hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp study in Zucker fatty rats showed an amelioration of whole-body insulin resistance by the T-174 treatment. Insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism was enhanced in adipocytes from KK-Ay mice treated with T-174. The insulin receptor number of the adipocytes was increased without a change in the affinity of the receptor. The hypomagnesaemia in KK-Ay mice was completely restored by T-174. T-174, developed as an antidiabetic drug, stimulated the transcription of PPAR gamma and the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. T-174 induced the interaction between PPAR gamma and CBP (cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) binding protein), a co-factor of various transcription regulators.

Chromanol is chromane derivative and o-tocopherol analog that has been used in trials studying the treatment of Prostate Cancer. Chromanol is potent water-soluble antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Chromanol inhibited overall oxidation of cis-Parinaric acid in phospholipids and protect cells to peroxyl radicals mediated NFkB activation and subsequent apoptosis. Chromanol inhibited the LPS-stimulated induction of NO production in a concentration-dependent fashion in cultured J774 macrophages and rat vascular smooth muscle cells without evidence of cytotoxicity.

1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) is a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a member of ethylene releasers. ACPC is produced endogenously in the tomato and other higher plants as a product of the action of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase in the biosynthesis of ethylene. It is a monocarboxylic acid and a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid. It derives from a cyclopropanecarboxylic acid. ACPC is a partial agonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine recognition site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex in the mammalian central nervous system with preclinical activity in animal models of neuroprotection and psychiatric illnesses. Half-maximal activation by ACPC as a glycine-site agonist was 0.7 to 0.9 microM. Half-maximal inhibition by ACPC was dependent on NMDA concentration. Peak responses to a >100 microM ACPC pulse in the presence of 1 microM glutamate were similar to those of glycine but decayed to a steady-state amplitude below that of glycine. The removal of ACPC initially caused an increase in inward current followed by a subsequent decrease to baseline levels. This suggests that relief of low-affinity antagonism occurs before high-affinity agonist dissociation. ACPC is shown to block convulsions and death produced by NMDA exposure, significantly reducing seizure induction and cell death of NMDA-treated hippocampal neurons.

Vanillyl alcohol is a monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a member of guaiacols and a member of benzyl alcohols. Vanillyl alcohol is a phenolic alcohol and is used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages. Vanillyl alcohol effectively inhibited the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in MPP+-induced MN9D dopaminergic cells. Vanillyl alcohol attenuated the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. These results indicate that vanillyl alcohol protected dopaminergic MN9D cells against MPP+-induced apoptosis by relieving oxidative stress and modulating the apoptotic process and is therefore a potential candidate for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

Tricyclazole is a systemic fungicide for control of Pyricularia oryzae on rice. Tricyclazole protects plants from infection by P. oryzae by preventing penetration of the epidermis by the fungus. The compound acts by inhibiting melanization within the appressorium, thus causing a lack of rigidity in the appressorial wall. Tricyclazole has no apparent effect on spore germination although sporulation is reduced. Tricyclazole is not curative but is protective in its activity. Tricyclazole can influence the pathogenic ability of aspergillus aculeatus by damaging the cell structure of hyphae and conidia, reducing the melanin production, and altering the expression of pathogenic-related gene. Tricyclazole toxin can impair testosterone secretion and the testicular structure in mice, leaving an adversely effect on sperm production system.

Temanogrel (also known as APD791) is an oral small molecule inverse agonist of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor with potent activity on platelets and vascular smooth muscle. Temanogrel has been studied in phase I clinical trials in healthy subjects to assess its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety. However, these studies were terminated because of the sponsor’s decision.