Lysing is an essential basic amino-acid encoded by codone AAA and AAG, and used in the biosynthesis of proteins. The daily requirement for lysine is 38 mg/kg body weight. The most rich source of lysine is fish, beef, chicken. In a clinical study lysine supplements was found to be an effective for reduction of occurrence, severity and healing time for recurrent HSV infection, however Cochrane Review concluded that the evidence is insufficient. Lysine was investigated for improving anxiety, ameliorating angina prectoris. Lysine acetylsalicylate has been used to treat pain and to detoxify the body after heroin use. Lysine clonixinate has been used for its analgesic properties for the treatment of migraine headaches and other painful conditions. However, limited clinical trials exist for these conditions.

Valine is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and thus it must be obtained from the diet. There is a mixed scientivic evidence that as a dietary supplement valine improves training efficacy, delays central fatigue.

Tromethamine is extensively used in biochemistry and molecular biology. Because tromethamine (in the form of R-NH2) is a proton acceptor with a pK of 7.8, it is an effective buffer that can be used to maintain the pH of body fluids. Tromethamine is indicated for the prevention and correction of metabolic acidosis. When administered intravenously as a 0.3 M solution, tromethamine acts as a proton acceptor and prevents or corrects acidosis by actively binding hydrogen ions (H+). It binds not only cations of fixed or metabolic acids, but also hydrogen ions of carbonic acid, thus increasing bicarbonate anion (HCO3‾). TromeThamine also acts as an osmotic diuretic, increasing urine flow, urinary pH, and excretion of fixed acids, carbon dioxide and electrolytes. A significant fraction of tromethamine (30% at pH 7.40) is not ionized and therefore is capable of reaching equilibrium in total body water. This portion may penetrate cells and may neutralize acidic ions of the intracellular fluid.

Oxandrolone is a synthetic, orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid. Oxandrolones interact with androgen receptors in target tissues. Oxandrin is indicated as adjunctive therapy to promote weight gain after weight loss following extensive surgery, chronic infections, or severe trauma, and in some patients who without definite pathophysiologic reasons fail to gain or to maintain normal weight, to offset the protein catabolism associated with prolonged administration of corticosteroids, and for the relief of the bone pain frequently accompanying osteoporosis. Side effects include: elevated aminotransferases (ALT, AST), lipid abnormalities (e.g., decreased HDL cholesterol concentrations). Cardiovascular side effects have included edema, with and without congestive heart failure. Oxandrolone may inhibit the metabolism of oral hypoglycemic agents. In patients with edema, concomitant administration with adrenal cortical steroids or ACTH may increase the edema.

Chlorprothixene (Taractan, Tarasan, Truxal) is a thioxanthine derivative developed by Lundbeck for the treatment of psychotic disorders. The drug exerts its activity by binding to and inhibiting serotonin receptors, dopamine receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, histamine H1 receptor and alpha1-adrenergic receptor.

Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (trade names Bitrex) is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide. Scientists at Macfarlan Smith, Ltd. of Edinburgh, Scotland discovered Bitrex during research on derivatives of the anesthetic lidocaine. The extremely bitter taste proved effective in reducing ingestion by humans and animals. Denatonium is commonly included in placebo medications used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain medications. Denatonium activates bitter taste receptor, mainly, TAS2R4, TAS2R8, TAS2R10, TAS2R13 on many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle relaxation through intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent pathways.

ETRYPTAMINE (MONASE®), similar to the hallucinogenic tryptamines, is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, introduced for use as an antidepressant. It was withdrawn from the market due to problems with agranulocytosis and other side effects. However, it's activity is still under scientific investigation.

Paramethasone acetate (a derivative of paramethasone) is a glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than hydrocortisone with supplementary fludrocortisone.

Sulfadimethoxine is a sulfonamide antibacterial used to treat many infections including treatment of respiratory, urinary tract, enteric, and soft tissue infections. It is most frequently used in veterinary medicine, although it is approved in some countries for use in humans. Sulfadimethoxine inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from para-aminobenzoic acid. Sulfadimethoxine is approved in Russia for use in humans, including children, and has been successfully used there for more than 35 years and is available as an over-the-counter drug manufactured by a number of Russian pharmaceutical companies. In USA and Europe sulfadimethoxine is approved in a veterinary medicinal products. ANADA was approved by FDA in US in 1997 as an Over the Counter medicine for treatment of bovine respiratory disease complex (shipping fever complex) and bacterial pneumonia associated with Pasteurella Spp. Sensitive to sulfadimethoxine; necrotic pododermatitis (foot rot) and calf diphtheria caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum (Sphaerophorus necrophorus) sensitive to sulfadimethoxine. Bioequivalence for this generic animal drug, Sulfadimethoxine Injection 40%, was established by demonstration of chemical equivalence to the pioneer product, Hoffmann-La Roche's Albon® Injection 40% (NADA 041-245).

Triacetin, also known as Glyceryl Triacetate, is a cosmetic biocide, plasticizer, and solvent in cosmetic formulations, at concentrations ranging from 0.8% to 4.0%. It is a commonly used carrier for flavors and fragrances. Triacetin was affirmed as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) human food ingredient by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is used as an inactive ingredient additive in some drug formulations. It has been used as a plasticizer in the tests of acrylic polymer films for drug delivery. Triacetin is not toxic to animals. However, in one study, it caused erythema, slight edema, alopecia, and desquamation, and did cause some irritation in rabbit eyes. Concentration of triacetin in consumer products is in the range of about 0.005-2 % for cosmetics, and has been reported to be as high as 15-33 % for one specific antifungal drug.