Nickel(II) chloride (NiCl2), a water soluble salt of Nickel, is a toxic and carcinogenic environmental and occupational pollutant, which has been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages, in cases of long-term inhalation exposure. It was approved that NiCl2 was a potential genotoxicity caused indirect DNA damage by the production of ROS. In addition was conducted studies to evaluate the precise mechanism of Ni toxicology. And it was shown, thet NiCl2 induced and caused cell cycle G2/M phase arrest via p53-dependent pathway and generated inflammatory response by NF-κB pathway activation.

Cobaltous iodide is a catalyst used in organic synthesis.

Macimorelin (AEZS 130) is an orally active, small-molecule, peptidomimetic growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR1A) agonist (ghrelin analogue), being developed by AEterna Zentaris for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD; somatotropin deficiency), and for the treatment of cachexia associated with chronic disease such as AIDS and cancer. Macimorelin was approved by the FDA in December 2017 under the market name Macrilen for oral solution. Macimorelin stimulates GH release by activating growth hormone secretagogue receptors present in the pituitary and hypothalamus. Macimorelin has been granted orphan drug designation by the FDA for diagnosis of AGHD.

Didanosine was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb in collaboration with the NIH for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Upon administration the drug is metabolized to the active metabolite which inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase both by competing with deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate and by its incorporation into viral DNA. Didanosine was approved by FDA under the name Videx (among the other names).

Pirbuterol (trade name Maxair) is a short-acting β2 adrenoreceptor agonist with bronchodilating action used in the treatment of asthma. The pharmacologic effects of beta-adrenergic agonist drugs, including pirbuterol, are at least in proof attributable to stimulation through beta-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP). Increased c-AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. Pirbuterol is used in asthma for reversal of acute bronchospasm, and also as a maintenance medication to prevent future attacks. It should be used in patients 12 years of age and older with or without concurrent theophylline and/or inhaled corticosteroid. After inhalation of doses up to 800 μg (twice the maximum recommended dose) systemic blood levels of pirbuterol are below the limit of assay sensitivity (2–5 ng/ml). A mean of 51% of the dose is recovered in urine as pirbuterol plus its sulfate conjugate following administration by aerosol. Pirbuterol is not metabolized by catechol-O-methyltransferase.

Guanabenz, an antihypertensive agent for oral administration-, is an aminoguanidine derivative, 2,'6-dichlorobenzylideneamina-guanidine acetate. It is white to an almost white powder having not more than a slight odor. Sparingly soluble in water and in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid; soluble in alcohol and in propylene glycol. Guanabenz is an orally active central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. Its antihypertensive action appears to be mediated via stimulation of central alpha-adrenergic receptors, resulting in a decrease of sympathetic outflow from the brain at the bulbar level to the peripheral circulatory system. In clinical trials, guanabenz acetate, given orally to hypertensive patients, effectively controlled blood pressure without any significant effect on glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, body fluid volume or body weight. The Myelin Repair Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) are developing guanabenz for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Unlike the currently available treatment for multiple sclerosis that suppresses the immune system, guanabenz, an FDA approved the drug for the treatment of high blood pressure, has a potential to reduce the loss of myelin by protecting and repairing myelin-producing cells in the brain from damage. Phase I development is underway in the US.

Alanine is a non-essential aminoacid encoded by GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG codons. Besides being a building block of proteins, alanine plays a key role in glucose-alanine cycle. Alanine is medically used as a dietary supplement for conditions such as fructose intolerance, muscle atrophy, low birth weight.