Technetium Tc 99m Bicisate is a Radioactive Diagnostic Agent indicated as an adjunct to conventional computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the localization of stroke in patients in whom stroke has already been diagnosed. Technetium Tc 99m Bicisate is a lipophilic complex with high first-pass extraction fraction and deposition and retention in the brain in proportion to cerebral blood flow. Its radionuclide emissions permit external imaging of the cerebral distribution of the agent, thus allowing the detection of altered regional cerebral perfusion. The retention in the brain of technetium Tc 99m Bicisate results from in vivo metabolism (de-esterification) of the primary complex to polar, less diffusable compounds Technetium Tc-99m Bicisate is metabolized by endogenous enzymes to the mono- and di-acids of Technetium Tc-99m Bicisate that can be detected in blood and urine. Technetium Tc-99m Bicisate is excreted primarily through the kidneys. Within two hours, 50% of the injected dose is excreted and by 24 hours, 74% is found in urine.

Fludeoxyglucose F-18 is a positron emitting radiopharmaceutical that is used for diagnostic purposes in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.

Strontium SR-89 is a radioactive isotope of strontium. Strontium-89 decays by beta emission with a half-life of 50.5 days. Beta-particles produced by radioactive decay penetrate tissues at a range of approximately 8 mm. Strontium SR-89 is used in medicine for the relief of bone pain in patients with painful skeletal metastases. Following intravenous injection, soluble strontium compounds behave like their calcium analogs, clearing rapidly from the blood and selectively localizing in bone mineral. Uptake of strontium by bone occurs preferentially in sites of active osteogenesis; thus primary bone tumors and areas of metastatic involvement (blastic lesions) can accumulate significantly greater concentrations of strontium than surrounding normal bone.

Gadodiamide is a nonionic, low-osmolar gadolinium-based contrast agent for diagnostic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Gadoteridol (INN) is a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, used particularly in the imaging of the central nervous system. It is sold under the brand name ProHance. Gadoteridol is a paramagnetic agent and, as such, develops a magnetic moment when placed in a magnetic field. The relatively large magnetic moment produced by the paramagnetic agent results in a relatively large local magnetic field, which can enhance the relaxation rates of water protons in the vicinity of the paramagnetic agent. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visualization of normal and pathologic brain tissue depends in part on variations in the radiofrequency signal intensity that occur with 1) differences in proton density; 2) differences of the spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation times (T1); and 3) differences in the spin-spin or transverse relaxation time (T2). When placed in a magnetic field, gadoteridol decreases T1 relaxation times in the target tissues. At recommended doses, the effect is observed with greatest sensitivity in the T1-weighted sequences. Gadoteridol does not cross the intact blood-brain barrier and, therefore, does not accumulate in normal brain or in lesions that have a normal blood-brain barrier, e.g., cysts, mature post-operative scars, etc. However, disruption of the blood-brain barrier or abnormal vascularity allows accumulation of gadoteridol in lesions such as neoplasms, abscesses, and subacute infarcts. The pharmacokinetics of ProHance in various lesions is not known.

Fumazenil is an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative and a potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the activity at the benzodiazepine recognition site on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex, thereby reversing the effects of benzodiazepine on the central nervous system. Fumazenil is used for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in cases where general anesthesia has been induced and/or maintained with benzodiazepines, and where sedation has been produced with benzodiazepines for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Also for the management of benzodiazepine overdose as an adjunct for appropriate supportive and symptomatic measures. Flumazenil went off patent in 2008 so at present generic formulations of this drug are available.

Ioversol is an organoiodine compound that used as a contrast medium. It features both a high iodine content, as well as several hydrophilic groups. It is indicated in adults for peripheral and coronary arteriography and left ventriculography, for excretory urography and computed tomography. Injections of contrast media are often associated with sensations of warmth and pain. Renal toxicity has been reported in a few patients with liver dysfunction who were given oral cholecystographic agents followed by intravascular contrast agents.

Iohexol is a nonionic, water-soluble radiographic contrast medium. Organic iodine compounds block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. It is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Drugs which lower seizure threshold, especially phenothiazine derivatives including those used for their antihistaminic or antinauseant properties, are not recommended for use with Iohexol. Others include monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, CNS stimulants, psychoactive drugs described as analeptics, major tranquilizers, or antipsychotic drugs. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are headache, mild to moderate pain including backache, neckache and stiffness, nausea, and vomiting.

Iopamidol is a nonionic, low-osmolar iodinated contrast agent. Iopamidol is indicated for angiography, pediatric angiocardiography, selective visceral arteriography and aortography, peripheral venography, and adult and pediatric intravenous excretory urography and intravenous adult and pediatric contrast enhancement of computed tomographic. Renal toxicity has been reported in a few patients with liver dysfunction who were given oral cholecystographic agents followed by intravascular contrast agents. Intravascular injection of contrast media is frequently associated with the sensation of warmth and pain especially in peripheral arteriography and venography. In angiocardiography the adverse reactions are: hot flashes, angina pectoris, flushing, bradycardia, hypotension, hives.