Details
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Molecular Formula | C15H14FN3O3 |
| Molecular Weight | 303.2884 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
CCOC(=O)C1=C2CN(C)C(=O)C3=CC(F)=CC=C3N2C=N1
InChI
InChIKey=OFBIFZUFASYYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C15H14FN3O3/c1-3-22-15(21)13-12-7-18(2)14(20)10-6-9(16)4-5-11(10)19(12)8-17-13/h4-6,8H,3,7H2,1-2H3
| Molecular Formula | C15H14FN3O3 |
| Molecular Weight | 303.2884 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | NONE |
DescriptionSources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01205Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.drugs.com/cdi/flumazenil.html
Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01205
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.drugs.com/cdi/flumazenil.html
Fumazenil is an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative and a potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the activity at the benzodiazepine recognition site on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex, thereby reversing the effects of benzodiazepine on the central nervous system. Fumazenil is used for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in cases where general anesthesia has been induced and/or maintained with benzodiazepines, and where sedation has been produced with benzodiazepines for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Also for the management of benzodiazepine overdose as an adjunct for appropriate supportive and symptomatic measures. Flumazenil went off patent in 2008 so at present generic formulations of this drug are available.
CNS Activity
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2093872 Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01205 |
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Target ID: CHEMBL1962 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18973287 |
3.3 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2095190 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10633039 |
148.0 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: P18507 Gene ID: 2566.0 Gene Symbol: GABRG2 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01205 |
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Target ID: CHEMBL3026 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973287 |
8.1 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL4956 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973287 |
5.7 nM [Ki] | ||
Target ID: CHEMBL2472 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973287 |
2.0 nM [Ki] |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary | FLUMAZENIL Approved UseFlumazenil Injection, USP is indicated for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in cases where general anesthesia has been induced and/or maintained with benzodiazepines, where sedation has been produced with benzodiazepines for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and for the management of benzodiazepine overdose. Launch Date2004 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
45.9 ng/mL |
0.2 mg single, intravenous dose: 0.2 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
6.98 ng/mL |
2.2 mg single, sublingual dose: 2.2 mg route of administration: Sublingual experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
5.28 ng/mL |
2.2 mg single, sublingual dose: 2.2 mg route of administration: Sublingual experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: HIGH-FAT |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
12.9 ng × h/mL |
0.2 mg single, intravenous dose: 0.2 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
12 ng × h/mL |
2.2 mg single, sublingual dose: 2.2 mg route of administration: Sublingual experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
9.1 ng × h/mL |
2.2 mg single, sublingual dose: 2.2 mg route of administration: Sublingual experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: HIGH-FAT |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1.18 h |
0.2 mg single, intravenous dose: 0.2 mg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.05 h |
2.2 mg single, sublingual dose: 2.2 mg route of administration: Sublingual experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: FASTED |
|
1.12 h |
2.2 mg single, sublingual dose: 2.2 mg route of administration: Sublingual experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
FLUMAZENIL plasma | Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: HIGH-FAT |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
3 mg single, intravenous Highest studied dose Dose: 3 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 3 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 32-62 |
|
7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
Other AEs: Injection site pain, Agitation... Other AEs: Injection site pain (10.3%) Sources: Agitation (8%) Anxiety (3.4%) Crying abnormal (3.4%) Headache (3.4%) Vomiting (3.4%) Tachycardia (3.4%) Dizziness (3.4%) Nausea (2.3%) Convulsions (1.1%) |
1 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 1 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, adult |
AEs
| AE | Significance | Dose | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convulsions | 1.1% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Injection site pain | 10.3% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Nausea | 2.3% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Anxiety | 3.4% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Crying abnormal | 3.4% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Dizziness | 3.4% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Headache | 3.4% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Tachycardia | 3.4% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Vomiting | 3.4% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
| Agitation | 8% | 7.13 mg single, intravenous Recommended Dose: 7.13 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 7.13 mg Sources: |
unhealthy, 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 35.2 years (range: 17-75 years) Sex: M+F Sources: |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| Binding and neuropharmacological profile of zaleplon, a novel nonbenzodiazepine sedative/hypnotic. | 2002-01-02 |
|
| Involvement of benzodiazepine binding sites in an antiaggressive effect by 5-HT(1A) receptor activation in isolated mice. | 2001-12-07 |
|
| Binding of [3H]CB 34, a selective ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, to rat brain membranes. | 2001-12-07 |
|
| Delayed synaptic dysfunction of association cortices in carbon monoxide intoxication. | 2001-12 |
|
| Dual-[11C]tracer single-acquisition positron emission tomography studies. | 2001-12 |
|
| Chronic benzodiazepine treatment of cells expressing recombinant GABA(A) receptors uncouples allosteric binding: studies on possible mechanisms. | 2001-12 |
|
| The midazolam-induced paradox phenomenon is reversible by flumazenil. Epidemiology, patient characteristics and review of the literature. | 2001-12 |
|
| Brain function in social anxiety disorder. | 2001-12 |
|
| Effect of diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) on the fluid intake, preference and the taste reactivity in mice. | 2001-11-29 |
|
| [Functional imaging (PET and SPECT) in epilepsy]. | 2001-11-04 |
|
| The negative GABA(A) modulator methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate attenuates the behavioral effects of the positive GABA(A) modulators triazolam and pregnanolone in rhesus monkeys. | 2001-11 |
|
| Flumazenil improves cognitive and neuromotor emergence and attenuates shivering after halothane-, enflurane- and isoflurane-based anesthesia. | 2001-11 |
|
| Confluence of antianalgesic action of diverse agents through brain interleukin(1beta) in mice. | 2001-11 |
|
| Nutritional parameters modify muricidal behavior of male Wistar rats: preventive effects of amino acids and 4' Cl diazepam. | 2001-10-26 |
|
| Synergistic interaction of diazepam with 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-elevating agents on rat aortic rings. | 2001-10-05 |
|
| Benzodiazepines in the intensive care unit. | 2001-10 |
|
| Benzodiazepine-GABA(A) receptor binding is very low in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: a PET study. | 2001-10 |
|
| Prolonged vigabatrin treatment modifies developmental changes of GABA(A)-receptor binding in young children with epilepsy. | 2001-10 |
|
| [Tetraplegia in the course of coma from drug intoxication]. | 2001-10 |
|
| [18F]Fluoroethylflumazenil: a novel tracer for PET imaging of human benzodiazepine receptors. | 2001-10 |
|
| Biodistribution, binding specificity and metabolism of [18F]fluoroethylflumazenil in rodents. | 2001-10 |
|
| A change in the density of [(3)H]flumazenil, but not [(3)H]muscimol binding, in Brodmann's Area 9 from subjects with bipolar disorder. | 2001-10 |
|
| 2-Arylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl acetamides. New potent and selective peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands. | 2001-10 |
|
| Anxiolytic effect of Kami-Shoyo-San (TJ-24) in mice: possible mediation of neurosteroid synthesis. | 2001-09-21 |
|
| Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters in Huntington's disease: initial observations and comparison with traditional synaptic markers. | 2001-09-15 |
|
| Dose-dependent enhancement of in vivo GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor binding by isoflurane. | 2001-09 |
|
| The effects of flumazenil, Ro 154513 and beta-CCM on the behaviour of control and stressed mice in the staircase test. | 2001-09 |
|
| SPECT and neuropsychological performance in severe depression treated with ECT. | 2001-09 |
|
| Potency of positive gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) modulators to substitute for a midazolam discriminative stimulus in untreated monkeys does not predict potency to attenuate a flumazenil discriminative stimulus in diazepam-treated monkeys. | 2001-09 |
|
| Influence of benzodiazepine binding site ligands on fear-conditioned contextual memory. | 2001-08-24 |
|
| GABAergic and glutamatergic modulation of exploratory behavior in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. | 2001-08-18 |
|
| Increase in expression of the GABA(A) receptor alpha(4) subunit gene induced by withdrawal of, but not by long-term treatment with, benzodiazepine full or partial agonists. | 2001-08-15 |
|
| Benzodiazepines protect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in vitro. | 2001-08 |
|
| Neurophysiological effects of an extract of Eschscholzia californica Cham. (Papaveraceae). | 2001-08 |
|
| Different types of GABA(A) receptors may mediate the anticonflict and response rate-decreasing effects of zaleplon, zolpidem, and midazolam in squirrel monkeys. | 2001-08 |
|
| Diazepam increases the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity by a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism. | 2001-08 |
|
| Changes in mACh, NMDA and GABA(A) receptor binding after lateral fluid-percussion injury: in vitro autoradiography of rat brain frozen sections. | 2001-08 |
|
| The effects of benzodiazepines on human opioid receptor binding and function. | 2001-08 |
|
| High-dose flumazenil potentiates the hypnotic activity of propofol, but not that of thiopental, in ddY mice. | 2001-08 |
|
| Availability of antidotes at acute care hospitals in Ontario. | 2001-07-10 |
|
| A fluorescent receptor assay for benzodiazepines using coumarin-labeled desethylflumazenil as ligand. | 2001-07-01 |
|
| Disturbed benzodiazepine receptor function at the onset of temporal lobe epilepsy--lomanzenil-binding in de-novo TLE. | 2001-07 |
|
| Case report of pallido-pyramidal disease with supplementary motor area involvement. | 2001-07 |
|
| Hepatic Encephalopathy. | 2001-07 |
|
| Reversal of reserpine-induced vacuous chewing movements in rats by melatonin: involvement of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. | 2001-06-15 |
|
| Visual event-related potentials in cirrhotic patients without overt encephalopathy: the effects of flumazenil. | 2001-06 |
|
| Melatonin enhances Th2 cell mediated immune responses: lack of sensitivity to reversal by naltrexone or benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. | 2001-05 |
|
| Comparison of N2O- and chlordiazepoxide-induced behaviors in the light/dark exploration test. | 2001-04 |
|
| Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists for acute and chronic hepatic encephalopathy. | 2001 |
|
| Voluntary self-poisoning as a cause of admission to a tertiary hospital internal medicine clinic in Piraeus, Greece within a year. | 2001 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
In Vivo Use Guide
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/dosage/flumazenil.html
Usual Adult Dose for Reversal of Sedation
Initial dose: 0.2 mg IV one time over 15 seconds.
Repeated doses: 0.2 mg may be given every minute until the desired level of consciousness is achieved.
Maximum total dose 1 mg.
Most patients respond to 0.6 to 1 mg.
Route of Administration:
Intravenous
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531382
Exposure (48 h) of human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably expressing recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2S GABAA receptors to flumazenil (1 or 5 uM) in the presence of GABA (1 uM) enhanced the maximum number (Bmax) of [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites without affecting their affinity (Kd).
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
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| Record UNII |
40P7XK9392
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Validated (UNII)
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WHO-ATC |
V03AB25
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WHO-VATC |
QV03AB25
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C1012
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NDF-RT |
N0000175680
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4457
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SUB07693MIG
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m5436
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100000080704
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W-44
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DB01205
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759193
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| Related Record | Type | Details | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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TARGET -> INHIBITOR |
IC50
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TARGET -> INHIBITOR |
Has been used as an antidote in the treatment of benzodiazepine and Z-drug overdoses.[
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BINDER->LIGAND |
BINDING
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| Related Record | Type | Details | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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METABOLITE -> PARENT |
probably by cytochrome P450
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| Related Record | Type | Details | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (TLC)
USP
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
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IMPURITY -> PARENT |
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
USP
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| Related Record | Type | Details | ||
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ACTIVE MOIETY |
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| Name | Property Type | Amount | Referenced Substance | Defining | Parameters | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume of Distribution | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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| Biological Half-life | PHARMACOKINETIC |
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