Deslanoside is a cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata. It is used to treat congestive heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias due to reentry mechanisms, and to control ventricular rate in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Deslanoside inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations. Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin). It also acts on the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the slope of phase 4 depolarization, shortening the action potential duration, and decreasing the maximal diastolic potential.

Protoveratrine A, the principal alkaloid of Veratrum album, has been used in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.

Monobenzone is a topical drug used for medical depigmentation. The mechanism of action of monobenzone is not fully understood. Monobenzone is oxidized by tyrosinase from melanocytes to a toxic quinones which induce non-apoptotic melanocyte cell death.

Glucuronolactone (Glucurolactone) is a key ingredient included in many popular energy drinks.It promotes improvements in alertness as well as physical performance. Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring metabolite of glucose. It is ‘ergogenic’ in that it is designed to enhance physical performance. Clinical studies on energy drinks, such as Red Bull®, have shown that they:Improve physical (aerobic and anaerobic) performance; Increase alertness, memory recall and focus;Improve reaction times. A Chinese study found that a herbal supplement containing glucuronolactone, resulted in a marked improvement in patients with hepatic fibrosis resulting from Hepatitis B.

Khellin is a crystalline extract of a crude drug, which has long been used in Egypt for the treatment of ureteral colic. It is used in the management of bronchial asthma and angina pectoris. Interest in khellin as an adjunct to ultraviolet (UV) light therapy in the treatment of vitiligo is based on the structural similarity between khellin and the psoralens. Success has been reported using oral and topical khellin in clinical studies but it is not likely that khellin will be approved for the treatment of vitiligo. Unwanted side effects of khellin include dizziness, reversible cholestatic jaundice, pseudoallergic reaction, and elevated levels of liver enzymes (transaminases and gamma-glutamyltransferase).

Dicumarol is an coumarin-like compound found in sweet clover. It is used as oral anticoagulant and acts by inhibiting the hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X). It results in decresed prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots. Dicumarol is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.

Guanidine is a small basic compound. Guanidine stimulates the neuromuscular junction presynaptically by inhibiting voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, leading to the enhanced release of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This stimulatory effect of guanidine underlies its use in the therapy for the neuromuscular diseases. The hydrochloride salt of guanidine was approved by FDA for the reduction of the symptoms of muscle weakness and easy fatigability associated with the myasthenic syndrome of Eaton-Lambert.

Glutamic acid is a non-essential aminoacid used in biosynthesis of proteins. Besides being a building block of proteins, glutamic acid plays a principal role in neural activation. Glutamate is also responsible for the umami (savory) flavor of certain foods. In medicine, glutamate is used as a metabolic supplemnet in patients undergoing coronary surgery.

Disodium aspartate is used in organic biosynthesis.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. It is a strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. Also, it constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. Skin contact with HYDROCHLORIC ACID can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. It may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage.