Calcium lactate is the salt that consists of two lactate anions for each calcium cation (Ca2+); this salt is used as a calcium supplement to treat hypocalcemia. However, as a source of free calcium, this salt is less convenient than calcium citrate. Calcium lactate inhalation powder also called as PUR118 participated in phase I clinical trials to determine whether this formulation was safe and tolerable in a population of subjects with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). PUR118 also was used in another clinical trials to evaluate its effect on ozone-induced airway Inflammation in healthy normal volunteers in case of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The obtained results revealed that PUR118 reduced the severity of acute exacerbations in COPD and CF and had the beneficial impacts on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life in affected individuals. However, both studies were discontinued.

Samarium SM-153 lexidronam is a chelated complex of a radioisotope of the element samarium with ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP). Samarium Sm-153 EDTMP has an affinity for bone and concentrates in areas of bone turnover in association with hydroxyapatite. In clinical studies employing planar imaging techniques, more Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam accumulates in osteoblastic lesions than in normal bone with a lesion-to-normal bone ratio of approximately 5. It is indicated for the relief of pain in patients with confirmed osteoblastic metastatic bone lesions that enhance on radionuclide bone scan. It should not be given concurrently with chemotherapy or external beam radiation therapy unless the benefit outweighs the risks. The most common adverse events are: nausea and vomiting, hemoglobin decrease, myasthenia, paresthesia, thrombocytopenia and abdominal pain.

Amifostine is an organic thiophosphate cytoprotective agent known chemically as 2-[(3¬ aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol dihydrogen phosphate (ester), it’s adjuvant used in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy involving DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents. It is marketed under the trade name Ethyol. Amifostine is a prodrug and is dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase in tissues to a pharmacologically active free thiol metabolite. This metabolite is believed to be responsible for the reduction of the cumulative renal toxicity of cisplatin and for the reduction of the toxic effects of radiation on normal oral tissues. The ability of Ethyol to differentially protect normal tissues is attributed to the higher capillary alkaline phosphatase activity, higher pH and better vascularity of normal tissues relative to tumor tissue, which results in a more rapid generation of the active thiol metabolite as well as a higher rate constant for uptake into cells. The higher concentration of the thiol metabolite in normal tissues is available to bind to, and thereby detoxify, reactive metabolites of cisplatin. This thiol metabolite can also scavenge reactive oxygen species generated by exposure to either cisplatin or radiation. Healthy cells are preferentially protected because amifostine and metabolites are present in healthy cells at 100-fold greater concentrations than in tumor cells.

IODOHIPPURIC ACID I-131 (ortho-Iodohippuric Acid I-131, [I-123]-OIH) is an iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. Iodine-123 labelled ortho-Iodohippuric acid was used in the early 1970's as a kidney imaging agent or tracer that "lights-up" inside your body when scanned, but over the years its use has declined. [I-123]-OIH is primarily extracted by the renal tubules and has excellent pharmacokinetic properties, with a clearance only slightly less than that of p-aminohippuran, but its use has been compromised by the suboptimal imaging characteristics of the 364-keV photon of 131I and the delivery of relatively high radiation doses to kidneys and thyroid in patients with impaired renal function

Iopanoic acid and ipodate salts have been used for oral cholangiography to visualize the biliary ducts. Ipodate salts have been used for the long-term treatment of Graves' disease and in hyperthyroidism. Ipodate reduced levels of T3 and T4 in the patients. Ipodate also inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3. It is not considered a first-line approach. Ipodate sodium lacks FDA approval for these uses. During investigation of mechanism of action was discovered, that binding of sodium ipodate with nuclear T3 receptors was not a prominent mechanism via which the drug attenuates T3 effects in vivo. Sodium ipodate could enhance T3 effects at the cellular level and that enhancement could not be reflected by routinely monitored serum TSH.

P-32 is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus with a half-life of 14.29 days. Radioactive decay of P-32 produces beta-particles (electrons) which are able to penetrate tissue at a range of 3-8 mm. Phosphate ion P-32 has many applications in medicine and biology. P32 sodium phosphate was approved by the FDA for the treatment of polycythemia vera, chronic myelocytic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. P32-phosphate may also be used in the palliative treatment of selected patients with multiple areas of skeletal metastases. As metabolic uptake of phosphorus is selectively increased in malignant tissues, P-32 was also used for cancer diagnostics.

Iopanoic acid is a representative iodinated ionic monomeric contrast medium.

Iodopyracet (Diodone) is a radiocontrast agent used in urography before 1950. Renal clearance of iodopyracet is characterized by supply-limited elimination at low plasma concentrations and capacity-limited elimination at high plasma levels. Iodopyracet to be an effective agent for the estimation of renal plasma flow and tubular function has been used extensively in physiological studies. In 1945 was found, that p-aminohippuric acid was in some ways superior to diodone for these estimations in man because the urine and plasma blanks are small and because diodone penetrates human red blood cells whereas p-aminohippuric acid does not.

Sodium permanganate is the inorganic compound used as oxidant and etchant in printed circuitry. Sodium permanganate is a purplish-colored, inorganic salt compound, which is primarily available in aqueous form as a monohydrate. It is miscible in water, ether, ethanol, and liquid chlorine. Sodium permanganate offers a high concentration of permanganate ions. Owing to high solubility in water, it is used for etching of plastic parts, as etching requires a high concentration of permanganate ions. Sodium permanganate is also used for water treatment and soil treatment, as it is capable of degrading phenols, BTEX, chlorinated ethenes, and PAHS and removing hydrogen sulfide.

Chromium is a metallic element (atomic number: 24, atomic mass: 51.99), it is a mineral essential in the action of insulin and is present in very small quantities in many enzymes. Chromium is also present in many foods such as brewers' yeast, seeds, peanuts, wheat germ and skimmed milk. Chromium Cr-51 is an isotope of chromium that is observationally stable. When intravenously administered, it is used as a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical agent to determine the red blood cell volume or mass, study the red blood cell survival time and evaluate blood loss. Chromium 51 is also used for labeling platelets, and for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding.