D-aspartic acid is an essential amino acid and a key ingredient in various testosterone boosting anti-estrogen supplements. D-aspartic acid is not used to build proteins; instead, it plays a role in making and releasing hormones in the body. It is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist with similar activity to the L-isomer. D-aspartic acid also enhances the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. This action is mediated in the pituitary by cGMP and in the testis by cAMP, which acts as the second messengers in the signal transduction in the pituitary and testes respectively. The pituitary and testis possess a D-Aspartate racemase, which provides the necessary production of this isomer.

Chlorogenic acid is the ester of caffeic acid and (-)-quinic acid. Chlorogenic acid is a naturally occurring plant metabolite and can be found with the related compounds cryptochlorgenic acid and neochlorogenic acid in the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa, coffee, potato, eggplant, peaches, and prunes. Chlorogenic acid has been investigated as a dietary supplement to improve glucose intolerant hypoglycemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It has also been identified as a potential anticancer agent by reducing the expression of HIF-1a and Sphingosine Kinase-1. Chlorogenic acid was also identified as a neuraminidase blocker effective against influenza A virus (H1N1 and H3N2).

N-Methyl-DL-Aspartic Acid (NMDLA) represents a racemic mixture of D and L enantiomers (NMDA; NMLA). Each enantiomer has different biological activities and different natural tissue/species abundances. Therefore, each enantiomer should be considered separately. NMDA is a widely studied neurotoxin which is an agonist of the NMDA receptor and induces brain legions. NMDA is not normally found in tissues, while NMLA can be found naturally in some bivalves.

Corosolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene acid isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa. It inhibits STAT3 and VEGFR2 signaling and has cytotoxic effect on a number of tumor cell lines. Corosolic acid has demonstrated anti-diabetic effect in vivo, probably due to facilitation of GLUT4 translocation or AMPK activation.

Nervonic acid is a long chain unsaturated fatty acid that is enriched in sphingomyelin. It consists of choline, sphingosine, phosphoric acid, and fatty acid. Nervonic acid may enhance the brain functions and prevent demyelination (Chemical Land21). Research shows that there is negative relationship between nervonic acid and obesity-related risk factors. Demyelination in adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is associated with an accumulation of very long chain saturated fatty acids stemming from a genetic defect in the peroxisomal beta oxidation system responsible for the chain shortening of these fatty acids. Sphingolipids from post mortem ALD brain have decreased levels of nervonic acid, 24:1(n-9), and increased levels of stearic acid, 18:0. Nervonic acid (C24:1), a component of membrane sphingolipids and phosphatidylethanolamines, may be a useful predictor of chronic kidney disease mortality and diabetes. Nervonic acid oils are being studied for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial applications. Nervonic acid is a major component of Lunaria oil. There is increasing evidence that dietary supplementation with nervonic acid is healthy for babies and infants during the early stage of brain development. Nervonic acid has been reported to reduce the shaking associated with Parkinson’s disease and the numbness caused by multiple sclerosis. It also has potential for treating schizophrenia and reducing early Alzheimer’s symptoms.